Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were investigated for carcinogenic response following a 28-day, 3X/wk pulse exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Five-wk-old medaka were exposed at concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L, and 5-mo-old catfish at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/L. In medaka, a total of 19 tumors including 2 branchioblastomas, 6 thyroid follicular adenomas and 1 adenocarcinoma, and 11 subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were observed in 16 of 96 MNNG-exposed fish. In catfish, a total of 37 tumors including 4 squamous cell carcinomas and 16 papillomas, 3 lipomas, 1 fibroma, 1 osteosarcoma, 4 branchioblastomas, 6 thymic epithelial tumors, and 2 generalized lymphosarcomas were observed in 34 of 172 MNNG-exposed fish. The induction of neoplasms in medaka was primarily in the gill, thyroid, and subcutis of the cervical and trunk regions, whereas in catfish skin, thymus, oro-pharynx, and hemopoietic tissues were also commonly affected. In both species, the neoplastic response was considered to be related to direct exposure of the tissues to MNNG. Some of these tumors have not been reported in the literature in either natural or experimental fish. The results also suggest species-specific differences in carcinogenic response following MNNG exposure.
Aoki K. and Matsudaira H. (1977). Induction of hepatic tumors in a teleost (Oryzias latipes) after treatment with methylazoxymethyanolacetate: Brief communication . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59: 1747-1749.
2.
Baker KF (1958). Heterotopic thyroid tissue in fishes. I. The origin and the development of heterotopic thyroid tissues in platyfish. J. Morphol. 103: 91-134.
3.
Battalora MStJ , Hawkins WE, Walker WW, and Overstreet RM (1990). Occurrence of thymic lymphoma in carcinogenesis bioassay specimens of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Cancer Res. 50: 5675s-5678s.
4.
Baumann PC, Smith WD, and Parland WK (1987). Tumor frequencies and contaminant concentrations in brown bullheads from an industrialized river and a recreational lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116: 79-86.
5.
Black JJ, Harshbarger JC, Price KL, Myers HK, and Zeigel RF (1992). Osteogenic neoplasms in coho salmon embryos exposed to 1-methyl-3-nitor-1-nitrosoguanidine. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 33: 116.
6.
Black JJ and Simpson CL (1974). Thyroid enlargement in Lake Erie coho salmon. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53: 725-729.
7.
Bowser PR, McCoy CP, and MacMillan JR (1985). A lymphoproliferative disorder in a channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J. Fish Dis. 8: 465-469.
8.
Bowser PR, Wolfe MJ, Reimer J., and Shane BS (1991). Epizootic papillomas in brown bullheads Ictalurus nebulosus from Silver Stream Reservoir, New York. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 11: 117-127.
9.
Brittelli MR , Chen HHC , and Muska CF (1985). Induction of branchial (gill) neoplasms in the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . Cancer Res. 43: 3209-3214.
10.
Bucke D. (1976). Neoplasia in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) from a polluted environment. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 20: 205-211.
11.
Chen HHC , Brittelli MR, and Muska CF (1985). Two cases of lymphosarcoma in channel catfish exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74: 933-939.
12.
Dawe CJ and Couch JA (1984). Mouse versus minnows: The future of fish in carcinogenicity testing. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 65: 223-235.
13.
Folmer LC, Harshbarger J., Baumann PC, Gardner G., and Bonomelli ( 1995). Pathological and serum chemistry profiles of brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the Black River and Old Woman Creek, Ohio. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54: 50-59.
14.
Grizzle JM, Bunkley-Williams L., and Harshbarger JC (1995). Renal adenocarcinoma in Mozambique tilapia, neurofibroma in goldfish, and osteosarcoma in channel catfish from a Puerto Rican hatchery . J. Aquat. Animal Health7: 178-183.
15.
Grizzle JM and Rogers WA (1976). Anatomy and Histology of the Channel Catfish. Auburn University, Auburn.
16.
Grizzle JM, Schwedler TE, and Scott AL (1981). Papillomas of black bullheads, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), living in a chlorinated sewage pond. J. Fish Dis. 4: 345-351.
17.
Harada T., Hatanaka J., Kubota S., and Enomato M. (1990). Lymphoblastic lymphoma in medaka, Oryzias latipes . J. Fish Dis. 13: 169-173.
18.
Harada T., Okazoki N., Kubota S., Hatanaka J., and Enomato M. (1991). Spontaneous ovarian tumor in a medaka (Oryzias latipes). J. Comp. Pathol. 104: 189-193.
Harsbarger JC and Clark JB (1990). Epizootiology of neoplasms in bony fish of North America. Soc. Total Environ . 94: 1-32.
21.
Hatanaka J. , Doke N., Harada T.Aikawa T., and Enomoto M. (1982). Usefulness and rapidity of screening for the toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Jpn. J. Exp. Med . 52: 243-253.
22.
Hawkins WEFourine JW, Overstreet RM, and Wolker WW (1986). Intraocular neoplasms induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76: 453-455.
23.
Hawkins WE, Overstreet RM, Foumie JW, and Walker WW (1985). Development of aquarium fish models for environmental carcinogenesis: Tumor induction in seven species. J. Appl. Toxicol. 5: 261-264.
24.
Hawkins WE, Walker WW, Lytle JS, Lytle TF, and Overstreet RM (1989). Carcinogenic effects of 7,12-dimethyl benz (a) anthracene on the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Aquat. Toxicol . 15: 63-82.
25.
Hendricks JD , Scanlan RA, Williams JL, Sinnhuber RO, and Grieco MP (1980). Carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to the livers and kidneys of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed as embryos . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 64: 1511-1519.
26.
Hughes GM (1984). General anatomy of the gills. In: Fish Physiology, Vol. 10, Pt. A, UB Hoar and DJ Randall (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-72.
27.
Hyodo-Taguchi Y. and Matsudaira H. (1987). Higher susceptibility of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced tumorigenesis in an interstrain hybrid of the fish, Oryzias latipes (medaka). Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann)78: 478-493.
28.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (1974). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 4. IARC, Lyon, pp. 183-195.
29.
Kimura I., Ando M., Kinae N., Wakamatsu Y., Ozato K., and Harshbarger JC (1982-1983). MNNG induction of gill tumors in a platyfish X swordtail F1 hybrid in medaka (Oryzias latipes) and nifurpirinol induction of hepatomas in medaka. Annual Report No. 20, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute.
30.
Kimura I., Miyake T., and Yoshizaki K. (1976). Induction of tumors of the stomach, of the liver and of the kidney in rainbow trout by intrastomach administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Proc. Jpn. Cancer Assoc. 35: 16.
31.
Leatherland JF and Sonstegard RA (1980). Seasonal changes in thyroid hyperplasia, serum thyroid hormone and lipid concentrations, and pituitary gland structure in Lake Ontario coho salmon from Lakes Michigan and Erie. J. Fish Biol. 16: 539-562.
32.
Masahito P. , Aoki K., Egami N., Ishikawa T., and Sugano H. (1989). Life-span studies on spontaneous tumor development in the medaka (Oryzias latipes). Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 80: 1058-1065.
33.
McCoy CP , Bowser PR, Steeby J., Bleau M., and Schwedler TE (1985). Lipoma in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque). J. Wildlife Dis. 21: 74-76.
34.
Olen E. (1965). The fine structure of experimentally induced hyperplastic and colloid goiter in the hamster. Lab. Invest. 21: 336-345.
Poulet FM, Wolfe MJ, and Spitsbergen JM (1994). Naturally occurring orocutaneous papillomas and carcinomas of brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) in New York State. Vet. Pathol. 31: 8-18.
37.
Roberts RJ (1980). Fish Pathology, 2nd ed. Balilliere Tindall, London.
38.
Rosai J. and Levine GD (1976). Tumors of the Thymus. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 2nd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.
39.
Smith IR, Ferguson HW, and Hayes MA (1980). Histopathology and prevalence of epidermal papillomas epidemic in brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur), and white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), populations from Ontario, Canada. J. Fish Dis. 12: 373-388.
40.
Steeves III HR (1969). An epithelial papilloma of the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 31: 215-218.
41.
Takashima F. (1976). Hepatoma and cutaneous fibrosarcoma in hatchery-related trout and salmon related to gonadal maturation . Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 20: 351-366.
42.
Torikata C. , Mukai M., and Kageryama K. (1989). Spontaneous olfactory neuroepithelioma in a domestic medaka (Oryzias latipes) . Cancer Res. 49: 2994-2998.
43.
Walker R. (1969). Virus associated with epidermal hyperplasia in fish. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 31: 195-207.
44.
Wellings SR (1969). Neoplasia and primitive vertebrate phylogeny: Echinoderms, prevertebrates and fishes-A review. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 31: 59-128.
