Low self-efficacy is a barrier to effective nurse prescribing. Therefore, nurses’ self-efficacy should be assessed using validated tools. We aimed to develop and psychometrically test the Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy Scale (NP-SES). We conducted an observational cross-sectional study with 290 nurses between January and June 2019. We studied the NP-SES’ reliability (i.e., internal consistency and temporal stability), validity (i.e., content, criterion, and construct) and legibility. The NP-SES showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.958) and temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.783). The NP-SES also showed good content validity (scale’s content validity index=0.98) and criterion validity (r=0.75; p<0.001). Construct validity analysis revealed the NP-SES’ three-dimensional structure and showed its ability to detect significant differences between nurses with different levels of experience. Our psychometric analysis suggests that the NP-SES is a reliable and valid instrument that could be used to assess nurses’ self-efficacy in nurse prescribing.
AbuzourA. S.LewisP. J.TullyM. P. (2018). A qualitative study exploring how pharmacist and nurse independent prescribers make clinical decisions. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13375
2.
BanduraA. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. In PajaresF.Urdany T. (Eds.), Adolescence and Education (pp. 307–337). Information Age Publishing.
3.
Barrio-CantalejoI.Simón-LordaP.MelguizoM.EscalonaI.MarijuánM.HernandoP. (2008). Validation of the INFLESZ scale to evaluate readability of texts aimed at the patient. Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra, 31(2), 135–52. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1137-66272008000300004
4.
BlackA.DawoodM. (2014). A comparison in independent nurse prescribing and patient group directions by nurse practitioners in the emergency department: A cross sectional review. International Emergency Nursing, 22(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2013.03.009
5.
BonnelG. (2014). Evolvement of French advanced practice nurses. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 26(4), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12061
6.
BorehamN.CoullA. F.MurrayI. D.Turner-HallidayF.WattersonA. E. (2013). Education programmes preparing independent prescribers in Scotland: An evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.01.018
7.
BoswellC.AshcraftA.LongJ.CannonS.DiVito-ThomasP.DelaneyT. (2020). Self-efficacy: Changing the tide of evidence-based practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 17(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12434
8.
BrannaganK. B.DellingerA.ThomasJ.MitchellD.Lewis-TrabeauxS.DupreS. (2013). Impact of peer teaching on nursing students: perceptions of learning environment, self-efficacy, and knowledge. Nurse Education Today, 33(11), 1440–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.11.018
9.
BrestoffJ. R.Van den BroeckJ. (2013). Reporting data quality. In Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines (pp. 557–570). Springer.
CareyN.StennerK.CourtenayM. (2014). An exploration of how nurse prescribing is being used for patients with respiratory conditions across the east of England. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 27. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/14/27
12.
ChaterA. M.WilliamsJ.CourtenayM. (2019). The prescribing needs of community practitioner nurse prescribers: A qualitative investigation using the theoretical domains framework and COM-B. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(11), 2952–2968. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14170
13.
ClearyM.KornhaberR.SayersJ.GrayR. (2017). Mental health nurse prescribing: A qualitative, systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(6), 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12372
14.
CoaleyK. (2014). An introduction to psychological assessment and psychometrics. Sage.
15.
CopeL. C.TullyM. P.HallJ. (2020). An exploration of the perceptions of non-medical prescribers, regarding their self-efficacy when prescribing, and their willingness to take responsibility for prescribing decisions. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP, 16(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.05.013
16.
CourtenayM.CareyN.GageH.StennerK.WilliamsP. (2015). A comparison of prescribing and non-prescribing nurses in the management of people with diabetes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2950–2964. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12757
17.
CourtenayM.KhanferR.Harries-HuntlyG.DeslandesR.GillespieD.HodsonK.MorrisG.PritchardA.WilliamsE. (2017). Overview of the uptake and implementation of non-medical prescribing in Wales: A national survey. BMJ Open, 7(9), e015313. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015313
18.
CreedonR.ByrneS.KennedyJ.McCarthyS. (2015). The impact of nurse prescribing on the clinical setting. British Journal of Nursing, 24(17), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.17.878
19.
EngC. J.PaiH. C. (2015). Determinants of nursing competence of nursing students in Taiwan: The role of self-reflection and insight. Nurse Education Today, 35(3), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.11.021
20.
EpsteinJ.SantoR. M.GuilleminF. (2015). A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(4), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021
21.
FayersP. M.MachinD. (2014). Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. Wiley-Blackwell.
22.
FisherC. C.CoxV. C.GormanS. K.LeskoN.HoldsworthK.DelaneyN.McKennaC. (2018). A theory-informed assessment of the barriers and facilitators to nurse-driven antimicrobial stewardship. American Journal of Infection Control, 46(12), 1365–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.05.020
23.
FongJ.BuckleyT.CashinA.PontL. (2017). Nurse practitioner prescribing in Australia: A comprehensive literature review. Australian Critical Care, 30(5), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2016.11.003
24.
FurrR. M. (2014). Psychometrics:An introduction. Sage Publications.
25.
Galiana-CamachoT.Gómez-SalgadoJ.García-IglesiasJ. J.Fernández-GarcíaD. (2018). Enfermería de práctica avanzada en la atención urgente, una propuesta de cambio: Revisión sistemática [Advanced practice nursing in urgent care, a proposal for change: Systematic review]. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 92, 1–20. http://hdl.handle.net/10272/15981
26.
GeorgeD.MalleryM. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step:A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update. Pearson.
27.
Graham-ClarkeE.RushtonA.NobletT.MarriottJ. (2018). Facilitators and barriers to non-medical prescribing - A systematic review and thematic synthesis. PloS one, 13(4), e0196471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196471
28.
Graham-ClarkeE.RushtonA.NobletT.MarriottJ. (2019). Non-medical prescribing in the United Kingdom National Health Service: A systematic policy review. PloS one, 14(7), e0214630. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214630
29.
GrønningK.RannestadT.SkomsvollJ. F.RyggL.Ø.SteinsbekkA. (2014). Long-term effects of a nurse-led group and individual patient education programme for patients with chronic inflammatory polyarthritis–A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(7–8), 1005-1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12353
30.
HallS.ThompsonJ.PhairT.DaviesA. N. (2020). Clinical nurse specialist prescribing in a cancer centre supportive and palliative care team. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 10(1), 111-113. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001867
31.
HayesC.PowerT.DavidsonP. M.DalyJ.JacksonD. (2019). Learning to liaise: using medication administration role-play to develop teamwork in undergraduate nurses. Contemporary Nurse, 55(4–5), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1505435
32.
Hernández-PadillaJ. M.Granero-MolinaJ.Márquez-HernándezV. V.SuthersF.Fernández-SolaC. (2016). Development and psychometric evaluation of the arterial puncture self-efficacy scale. Nurse Education Today, 40, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.02.008
33.
HesslingR.TraxelN.SchmidtT. (2004). Ceiling effect. In Lewis-BeckM. S.BrymanA.LiaoT. F. (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. Sage Publications.
34.
HopiaH.KarhunenA.HeikkiläJ. (2017). Growth of nurse prescribing competence: Facilitators and barriers during education. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(19–20), 3164–3173. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13665
35.
JiangX. J.JiangH.LuY. H.LiuS. L.WangJ. P.TangR. S.LiM. Z. (2019). The effectiveness of a self-efficacy-focused structured education programme on adults with type 2 diabetes: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(17–18), 3299–3309. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14908
36.
KooiengaS.WilkinsonJ. (2017). RN prescribing: An expanded role for nursing. Nursing Forum, 52(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12159
37.
KroezenM.FranckeA. L.GroenewegenP. P.van DijkL. (2012). Nurse prescribing of medicines in Western European and Anglo-Saxon countries: A survey on forces, conditions and jurisdictional control. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(8), 1002–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.02.002
38.
LeeS. E.QuinnB. L. (2019). Incorporating medication administration safety in undergraduate nursing education: A literature review. Nurse Education Today, 72, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.004
39.
LimA. G.NorthN.ShawJ. (2017). Navigating professional and prescribing boundaries: Implementing nurse prescribing in New Zealand. Nurse Education in Practice, 27, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.009
40.
LimA. G.NorthN.ShawJ. (2018). Beginners in prescribing practice: Experiences and perceptions of nurses and doctors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(5-6), 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14136
41.
MaddoxC.HalsallD.HallJ.TullyM. P. (2016). Factors influencing nurse and pharmacist willingness to take or not take responsibility for non-medical prescribing. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 12(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.04.001
42.
McBrienB. (2015). Personal and professional challenges of nurse prescribing in Ireland. British Journal of Nursing, 24(10), 524–528. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.10.524
NavabiN.GhaffariF.ShamsaliniaA.FaghaniS. (2016). Development and validation of evaluation tools of nursing students’ clinical pharmacology unit. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 8, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S110774
45.
NormanG. R.StreinerD. L. (2014). Biostatistics: The bare essentials. B.C. Decker.
46.
NuttallD. (2018). Nurse prescribing in primary care: A metasynthesis of the literature. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 19(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423617000500
47.
OrgunF.KaraozB. (2014). Epistemological beliefs and the Self-efficacy Scale in nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 34(6), e37–e40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.11.007
48.
PolitD. F.BeckC. T. (2020). Nursing Research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer.
49.
PrydderchS. B. (2019). Preparing pre-registration nurses to be “prescriber ready”: Aspirational or an achievable reality?Nurse Education Today, 78,1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.03.009
50.
Romero-ColladoA.Raurell-TorredaM.Zabaleta-Del-OlmoE.Rascon-HernanC.Homs-RomeroE. (2017). Nurse prescribing in Spain: The law and the curriculum. Nursing & Health Sciences, 19(3), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12355
ScraftonJ.McKinnonJ.KaneR. (2012). Exploring nurses’ experiences of prescribing in secondary care: informing future education and practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13–14), 2044–2053. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04050.x
53.
SmithA.LatterS.BlenkinsoppA. (2014). Safety and quality of nurse independent prescribing: A national study of experiences of education, continuing professional development clinical governance. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(11), 2506–2517. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12392
54.
SolomonsD. J.van der MerweA. S.EsterhuizenT. M.CrowleyT. (2019). Factors influencing the confidence and knowledge of nurses prescribing antiretroviral treatment in a rural and urban district in the Western Cape province. Southern African journal of HIV medicine, 20(1), 923. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.923
55.
Spanish Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. (2018). Real Decree 1302/2018, from 22nd of October that modifies the Real Decree 954/2015, from 23rd of October, which regulates the indication, use and authorisation to dispense medicaments and health products for human use by nurses.https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-14474
56.
StewartD.JebaraT.CunninghamS.AwaisuA.PallivalapilaA.MacLureK. (2017). Future perspectives on nonmedical prescribing. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 8(6), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617693546
57.
StreinerD. L.KottnerJ. (2014). Recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(9), 1970–1979. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12402
58.
SulosaariV.HuupponenR.HupliM.PuukkaP.TorniainenK.Leino-KilpiH. (2015). Factors associated with nursing students’ medication competence at the beginning and end of their education. BMC Medical Education, 15, 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0513-0
59.
TabachnickB.FidellL. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
WainwrightA.KleinT.DalyC. (2016). Competency development to support safe nurse practitioner prescribing of controlled drugs and substances in British Columbia. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 17(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154416665099
62.
WeeksG.GeorgeJ.MaclureK.StewartD. (2016). Non-medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11 (11), CD011227. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011227.pub2
63.
WilkinsonJ.CarryerJ.AdamsJ. (2014). Evaluation of a diabetes nurse specialist prescribing project. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(15–16), 2355–2366. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12517
64.
WilsonR.GodfreyC. M.SearsK.MedvesJ.Ross-WhiteA.LambertN. (2015). Exploring conceptual and theoretical frameworks for nurse practitioner education: A scoping review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 13(10), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2150
