Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms,Smoking Initiation,and Social Integration among Adolescents

Abstract

This observational, longitudinal study’s purpose was to investigate whether social network integration has a moderating effect on smoking initiation among those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative longitudinal dataset. Social network and smoking data were collected in schools, with a 6-year follow-up that included ADHD symptoms and reported smoking. Social integration was measured as peer friendship nominations (degree) and the influence of an individual on the entire social network (centrality). Multilevel logistic regression found a main effect for ADHD symptoms and low numbers of friendship nominations on smoking initiation, but social network measures were not significant moderators of the relationship between ADHD symptoms and smoking initiation among adolescents. Further investigation of the drivers of smoking initiation among those with ADHD is warranted.

Keywords

smoking ADHD social integration adolescence

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abel

Plumridge

Graham

(2002). Peers, networks, or relationships: Strategies for understanding social dynamics as determinants of smoking behavior. Drugs, Education, Prevention and Policy, 9(4), 325–338.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Barkley

R. A.

(2011). Barkley adult ADHD rating scales-IV (BAARS-IV). The Guilford Press.

Borgatti

S. P.

Everett

M. G.

Johnson

J. C.

(2013). Analyzing social networks. SAGE.

Campbell

Starkey

Holiday

Audrey

Bloor

Parry-Langdon

(2008). An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): A cluster randomized trial. The Lancet, 371(10), 1595–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2808%2960692-3

Dolcini

M. M.

Adlers

N. E.

Ginsberg

(1996). Factors influencing agreement between self-reports and biological measures of smoking among adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 515–542.

Elkins

I. J.

McGue

Iacoco

W. G.

(2007). Prospective effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(10), 1145–1152. https://doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145

Elkins

I. J.

Saunders

G. R. B.

Malone

S. M.

Wilson

McGue

Iacono

W. G.

(2018). Mediating pathways from childhood ADHD to adolescent tobacco and marijuana problems: Roles of peer impairment, internalizing, adolescent ADHD symptoms, and gender. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 59(10), 1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12977

Ennett

S. T.

Bauman

K. E.

Hussong

Faris

Foshee

Cai

(2006). The peer context of adolescent substance use: Findings from social network analysis. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00127.x

10.

Ennett

S. T.

Faris

Hipp

Foshee

V. A.

Bauman

K. E.

Hussong

Cai

(2008). Peer smoking, other peer attributes, and adolescent cigarette smoking: A social network analysis. Prevention Science, 9(2), 88–98. https://doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0087-8

11.

Fletcher

J. M.

Wolfe

B. L.

(2008). Child mental health and human capital accumulation: The case of ADHD revisited. Journal of Health Economics, 27, 794. https://doi.org/10.3386/w13474

12.

Freedman

K. S.

Nelson

N. M.

Feldman

L. L.

(2012). Smoking initiation among young adults in the United States and Canada, 1998-2010: a systematic review. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E05.

13.

Fuemmeler

B. F.

Kollins

S. H.

McClernon

F. J.

(2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms predict nicotine dependence and progression to regular smoking from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(10), 1203–1213. https://doi:10.1093/jpepsy.jsm051

14.

Goldade

Choi

Bernat

D. H.

Klein

E. G.

Okuyemi

K. S.

Forster

(2012). Multilevel predictors of smoking initiation among adolescents: Findings from the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort (MACC) study. Preventive Medicine, 54(3–4), 242–246. https://doi:/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.029

15.

Harris

K. M.

(2013). The Add Health study: Design and accomplishments. Carolina Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design

16.

Harris

K. M.

Udry

J. R.

(2008). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 1994–2008: Network variables data user guide. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/21600/datasets

17.

Lakon

C. M.

Valente

T. W.

(2012). Social network integration in friendship networks: The synergy of network structure and peer influence in relation to cigarette smoking among high risk adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 74(9), 1407–1417. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.011

18.

Kennedy

T. M.

McKone

K. M. P.

Molina

B. S. G.

(2020). Substance use in adolescents with ADHD. In Becker

S. P.

(Ed.), ADHD in adolescents: Development, assessment, and treatment (p. 128). Guilford Press.

19.

Kollins

S. H.

McClernon

F. J.

Fuemmeler

B. F.

(2005). Association between smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 1142.

20.

Kollins

S. H.

Sweitzer

M. H.

McClernon

F. J.

Perkins

K. A.

(2020). Increased subjective and reinforcing effects of initial nicotine exposure in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to matched peers: Results from an experimental model of first-time tobacco use Neuropsychopharmacology, 45(5), 851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0581

21.

McQuade

J. D.

(2020). Peer functioning in adolescents with ADHD. In Becker

S. P.

(Ed.), ADHD in adolescents: Development, assessment, and treatment (p. 128). Guilford Press.

22.

McQuade

J. D.

Hoza

(2015). Peer relationships of children with ADHD. In Barkley

R. A.

(Ed.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed., p. 210). Guildford Press.

23.

Molina

B. S.

Howard

A. L.

Swanson

J. M.

Stehli

Mitchell

J. T.

Kennedy

T. M.

Epstein

Hechtman

Vitiello

Hoza

(2018). Substance use through adolescence into early adulthood after childhood-diagnosed ADHD: findings from the MTA longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 692–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12855

24.

Montgomery

S. C.

Donnelly

Bhatnagar

Carlin

Kee

Hunter

R. F.

(2020). Peer social processes and adolescent health behaviors: a systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 130, 105900. https://doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105900

25.

Mrug

Molina

B. S. G.

Hoza

Gerdes

A. C.

Hinshaw

S. P.

Hechtman

Arnold

L. E.

(2012). Peer rejection and friendship in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Contributions to long term outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 1013–1026. https://doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9610-2

26.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. (2012). Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99237/

27.

Pampel

F. C.

Mollborn

Lawrence

E. M.

(2014). Transitions in early adulthood and SES disparities in tobacco use. Social Science Research, 43, 45–49.

28.

Pearson

Sweeting

West

Young

Gordon

Turner

(2006). Adolescent substance use in different social and peer contexts: A social network analysis. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 13(6), 519–536. https://doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.08.005

29.

Pollard

M. S.

Tucker

J. S.

Green

H. D.

Kennedy

M. H.

(2010). Friendship networks and trajectories of adolescent tobacco use. Addictive Behaviors, 35(7), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.013

30.

Schaefer

D. R.

Haas

S. A.

Bishop

N. J.

(2012). A dynamic model of US adolescents’ smoking and friendship networks. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), e12–e18. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300705

31.

Snijders

T. A.

Bosker

R. J.

(2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. SAGE.

32.

Umberson

Crosnoe

Reczek

(2010). Social relationships and health behaviors across the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 139–157. https://doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011

33.

Valente

T. W.

Unger

J. B.

Johnson

C. A.

(2005). Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 323–329.

34.

Willoughby

M. T.

Kollins

S. H.

McClernon

F. J.

, & Family Life Investigative Group. (2009). Association between smoking and retrospectively reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a large sample of new mothers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(3), 313. http://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp001

35.

Wolraich

M. L.

Hagan

J. F.

Allan

Chan

Davison

Earls

Evans

S. W.

Flinn

S. K.

Froehlich

Frost

Holbrook

J. R.

Lehmann

C. U.

Lessin

H. R.

Okechukwu

Pierce

K. L.

Winner

J. D.

Zurhellen

, & and the subcommittee on children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.20 MB