The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Iranian community is very high. Women and older people are at the higher risk of vitamin D deficiency.
Aim:
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran by combining the results of various studies.
Methods:
This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Separate strategies were developed for search in national databases (Irandoc, Magiran, SID) and international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) using the keywords of “vitamin D deficiency,” “Iran,” and “prevalence.” The titles and abstracts of the articles were screened and related full texts were appraised. Those articles that met inclusion criteria were selected for meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of the articles was assessed via the Chi-square test. They were combined using the random-effect approach. In addition, the groups were categorized and analyzed in terms of age and gender.
Results:
Of 639 articles, 30 articles with a sample size of 26,042 people were included for data analysis. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was reported as 0.56. Subgroup analysis showed that 0.64 of women and 0.44 of men were suffering from vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the age groups under 20, 20–50, and over 50 years was 0.56.4, 0.72.4, and 0.59.8, respectively.
Conclusions:
The Iranian Ministry of Health is expected to design strategies to improve the status of vitamin D at the national level.
Al-DaghriNM (2018) Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia: prevalence, distribution and disease associations. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology175: 102–107.
2.
AlipourSSaberiASeifollahiA (2014) Risk factors and prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among Iranian women attending two university hospitals. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal16: 1–4.
3.
AlshahraniFAljohaniN (2013) Vitamin D: deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity. Nutrients5: 3605–3616.
4.
AndersonJMayHHorneB. (2010) Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. The American Journal of Cardiology106: 963–968.
5.
AsmaARolaEREl-HajjFG (2010) Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries—prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology6: 550–561.
6.
AziziFZadeFRGhaziA (2000) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Tehran. Research in Research24: 291–303.
7.
Bischoff-FerrariHGiovannucciEWillettWC. (2006) Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition84: 18–28.
8.
CantornaMTZhuYFroicuM. (2004) Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition80: 1717–1720.
9.
ChenTCChimehFLuZ. (2007) Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics460: 213–217.
10.
DelavariAAlikhaniSAladiniF (2009) Report on the status of risk factors for non-transmissible diseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Department of Health, Disease Management Center.
11.
FaghihSAbdolahzadehMMohammadiM. (2014) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related factors among university students in Shiraz, Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine5: 796–99.
12.
FallahiMAfjehASaneifardH. (2016) Comparison of vitamin D level in preterm and term infant–mother pairs: a brief study. Iranian Journal of Neonatology7: 32–36.
13.
GanjiVZhangXTangprichaV (2012) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and prevalence estimates of hypovitaminosis D in the US population based on assay-adjusted data. The Journal of Nutrition142: 498–507.
14.
GhaneiLJalilolghadrSJavadiM. (2015) Epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency among 10–18 years old population of Minoodar district, Qazvin. Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences18: 24–32.
15.
GhergherechiRHazhirNTabriziA (2012) Comparison of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences15: 147–151.
16.
González-GrossMValtueñaJBreidenasselC (2012) Vitamin D status among adolescents in Europe: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. British Journal of Nutrition107: 755–764.
17.
GorhamEDGarlandCFGarlandFC. (2005) Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology97: 179–194.
18.
HagenauTVestRGisselT. (2009) Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporosis International, 20: 133–140.
19.
HajiabbasiAShafaghiAFayaziHS. (2015) The factors affecting bone density in cirrhosis. Hepatitis Monthly15: 1–6.
20.
HaqASvobodováJImranS. (2016) Vitamin D deficiency: a single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology164: 209–213.
21.
HashemipourSLarijaniBAdibiH. (2004) Vitamin D deficiency and causative factors in the population of Tehran. BMC Public Health4: 38–44.
22.
HassanniaTGhaznaviRadEVakiliR. (2015) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors among employed women in a sunny industrial city. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research85: 119–128.
23.
HeidariBMirghassemiMBH (2012) Seasonal variations in serum vitamin D according to age and sex. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine3: 535.
24.
HeshmatRMohammadKMajdzadehS. (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in Iran: a multi-center study among different urban areas. Iranian Journal of Public Health37: 72–78.
25.
HeydarpourRMosaviMArayaA. (2006) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in students of Isfahan. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences16: 88–94.
26.
HilgerJFriedelAHerrR. (2014) A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. British Journal of Nutrition111: 23–45.
27.
HolickM (2005) The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. The Journal of Nutrition, 135: 2739–2748.
28.
HolickMFBinkleyNCBischoff-FerrariHA. (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism96: 1911–1930.
29.
HovsepianSAminiMAminorroayaA. (2011) Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition29: 149–155.
30.
KaykhaeiMHashemiMNarouieB. (2011) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism58(1): 37–47.
31.
KazemiASharifiFJafariN. (2009) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. Journal of Women’s Health18: 835–839.
32.
KelishadiRQorbaniMMotlaghM. (2016) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency according to climate conditions among a nationally representative sample of Iranian adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. International Journal of Pediatrics4: 1903–1910.
33.
KumarRThompsonJR (2011) The regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion and synthesis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology22: 216–224.
34.
LarijaniBHossein-NezhadAFeizabadE. (2016) Vitamin D deficiency, bone turnover markers and causative factors among adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders15: 1–6.
35.
LipsP (2007) Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology103: 620–625.
36.
MaghbooliZHossein-NezhadAShafaeiAR. (2007) Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth7: 1–6.
37.
MichaelF (2005) The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. The Journal of Nutrition135: 2739–2748.
38.
MichaelFHolickM (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine35: 266–281.
39.
MirboloukFPaksereshtSAsgharniaM. (2016) Study of vitamin D status in pregnant women in north of Iran. Nutrition4: 176–180.
40.
MithalAWahlDABonjourJ-P. (2009) Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporosis International20: 1807–1820.
41.
MoradzadeKLarijaniBBiglarzadeM (2005) Normal vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in Iran. Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences10: 33–43.
42.
MoussaviMHeidarpourRAminorroayaA. (2005) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Isfahani high school students in 2004. Hormone Research in Paediatrics64: 144–8.
43.
NeyestaniTHajifarajiMOmidvarN. (2012) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in school-age children in Tehran, 2008: a red alert. Public Health Nutrition15: 324–330.
44.
NikooyehBAbdollahiZSalehiF. (2016) The national food and nutrition surveillance program: from research to policy. Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology11: 107–112.
45.
PearsonA (2008) Dead poets, nursing theorists and contemporary nursing practice (4). International Journal of Nursing Practice14(2): 79–80.
46.
PirdehghanAVakiliMDehghanR. (2016) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Yazd, a central province of Iran. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility17: 34–40.
47.
PittasAGDawson-HughesBSheehanPR. (2014) Rationale and design of the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) study: a diabetes prevention trial. Diabetes Care37: 3227–3234.
48.
PowersCHartVAShattellM. (2012) The concept of “the will to thrive” in mental health. Issues in Mental Health Nursing33: 805–807.
49.
RabbaniAAlavianS-MMotlaghME. (2008) Vitamin D insufficiency among children and adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics55: 189–191.
50.
RafrafMHasanabadSKJafarabadiMA (2014) Vitamin D status and its relationship with metabolic syndrome risk factors among adolescent girls in Boukan, Iran. Public Health Nutrition17: 803–809.
51.
RahimiAZarghamiNSedeghiA. (2005) prevalence of vitamin d deficencey and related factors in pregnant women. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences27: 7–11.
52.
RahnavardZEybpooshSHomamiM. (2010) Vitamin D deficiency in healthy male population: results of the Iranian multi-center osteoporosis study. Iranian Journal of Public Health39: 33–43.
53.
RajebiHKhodadadAFahimiG. (2016) Vitamin D deficiency among female nurses of children’s medical center hospital and its related factors. Acta Medica Iranica54: 146–150.
54.
RazaghiZKarimloMRahgozarM. (2011) Vitamin D deficiency in an old peoples home. Salmand20: 31–37.
55.
SaiediALarijaniBNiaSJ. (2013) The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran based on the division of the provinces. Diabetes and Lipid Journal12: 574–584.
56.
SakiFDabbaghmaneshMHOmraniGR. (2015) Vitamin D deficiency and its associated risk factors in children and adolescents in southern Iran. Public Health Nutrition3: 1–6.
57.
SalekMRafatiHHashemipourM. (2007) Is vitamin D deficiency prevalent in healthy 6-yearold children in Isfahan City?Journal of Isfahan Medical School25: 95–103.
58.
ShakeriHKhakshourAJalili MoghaddamS. (2014) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related factors in children and adolescents living in North Khorasan, Iran. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism27: 431–436.
59.
ShakibaMNafeiZLotfiMH. (2009) Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female students in secondary guidance school in Yazd City. Acta Medica Iranica47: 209–214.
60.
SullivanSRosenCHaltemanW. (2005) Adolescent girls in Maine are at risk for vitamin D insufficiency. Journal of the American Dietetic Association105: 971–974.
61.
TalaeiTYadegariNRafeeM. (2011) Vitamin D deficiency and its cut-off point among young teenagers. Birjand University17: 210–216.
62.
Uriu-AdamsJYObicanSGKeenCL (2013) Vitamin D and maternal and child health: overview and implications for dietary requirements. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews99: 24–44.
63.
ValtuenaJGonzalez-GrossMHuybrechtsI. (2013) Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology59: 161–171.
