Abstract
Background:
Breakfast skipping has been related to poor mood, but the role of sleep in this relationship remains unclear.
Aim:
To evaluate whether breakfast skipping associated with mood independently of sleep, and whether sleep interacted with breakfast skipping.
Methods:
During an in-person research visit, a sample of 329 adults completed questionnaires regarding last night’s sleep, current morning breakfast intake, and mid-morning mood states. Sex-stratified linear regression models examined associations between breakfast skipping and mood and interactions with sleep.
Results:
Among males, those who did not consume breakfast had less vigor independent of sleep (β=−2.72 with 95% CI −4.91, −0.53). Among females, those who did not consume breakfast had higher feelings of anxiety (β=1.21 with 95% CI −0.04, 2.47). Interaction analyses revealed that males with longer time to fall asleep and longer night-time awake time had higher depression scores in the presence of breakfast skipping, and females with more night-time awake time and shorter duration had higher fatigue and less vigor if they were also breakfast skippers.
Conclusion:
Breakfast skipping and poor sleep may jointly affect mood.
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Supplementary Material
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