Disabled activists and feminist thinkers both lay claim to ownership of `care'. To the disabled people's movement, care is a necessity on the road to equal rights and citizenship. To women, care relationships are premised in capitalist economic and family relationships and can be both oppressive, and, conversely, sources of personal identity claims. The two perspectives are different, and conflict. Oppositional claims are sited in practical resource giving decisions, and state resources have implications for the individuals concerned. Resource relationships between the state and individuals affect both practical help given and the location of the resourced group to the wider society. I argue that these claims are fundamentally oppositional and result in oppression. The relationship, when mediated by provision of care, inevitably becomes disempowering. Care provision is a function of a welfare state, and care policy will effectively empower one or other group. This oppressive dyad can be altered by fundamental re-assessment of disabled theorization and feminist action, carried through into state provision and reflecting feminist perspectives of ethical care.
Abberley, P. (2002) `Work, Disability and European Theory', pp. 120—38 in C. Barnes, L. Barton and M. Oliver (eds) Disability Studies Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
2.
Aronson, J. and Neysmith, S. (1996) ```You're Not Just in There to do the Work'': Depersonalising Policies and the Exploitation of Home Care Workers' Labour', Gender and Society10(1): 59—77.
3.
Bacchi, C.L. (1999) Women, Policy and Politics. London: SAGE.
4.
Barnes, C. (1990) Cabbage Syndrome: The Social Construction of Dependence . Basingstoke: Falmer Press.
5.
Barnes, C., Bynoe, I. and Oliver, M. (1991) Equal Rights for Disabled People: The Case for a New Law. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
6.
Barnes, H. (2000) Working for a Living? Employment, Benefits, and the Living Standards of Disabled People. Bristol: Policy Press.
7.
Beckett, C. and Wrighton, E. (2000) ```What Matters to Me is Not What You're Talking About'': Maintaining the Social Model of Disability in ``Public'' and ``Private '' Negotiations', Disability and Society15(7): 991—9.
8.
Blackwell-Stratton, M., Breslin, M.L., Mayerson, A.B. and Bailey, S. (1988) `Smashing Icons: Disabled Women and the Disability and Women's Movement', pp. 306—32 in M. Fine and A. Asch (eds) Women with Disabilities: Essays in Psychology, Culture and Politics. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
9.
Botes, A. (2000) `A Comparison between the Ethics of Justice and the Ethics of Care', Journal of Advanced Nursing32(5): 1071—5.
10.
Bowden, P. (1997) Caring: Gender-Sensitive Ethics. London: Routledge.
11.
Bowden, P. (2000) `An ``Ethic of Care'' in Clinical Settings: Encompassing ``Feminine'' and ``Feminist'' Perspectives', Nursing Philosophy1(1): 36—49.
12.
Bubeck, P.E. (1995) Care, Gender and Justice. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
13.
Daly, M. (2002) `Care as a Good for Social Policy', Journal of Social Policy31(2): 251—70.
14.
Davis, K. (1993) `The Crafting of Good Clients', pp. 203—5 in J. Swain, M. Oliver, S. French and V. Finkelstein (eds) Disabling Barriers, Enabling Environments. London: SAGE.
15.
Ec (2004) Definitions of Disability in Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Brussels : European Commission Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs . [http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/publications/2004/cev502004_en.html]
16.
Fine, M. and Glendinning, C. (2005) `Dependence, Independence or Interdependence? Re-visiting the Concepts of ``Care'' and ``Dependency''', Ageing and Society25(4): 601—21.
17.
Folbre, N. and Bittman, M. (2004) Family Time: The Social Organization of Care. London: Routledge.
18.
Gattuso, S. and Bevan, C. (2000) `Mother, Daughter, Patient, Nurse: Women's Emotion Work in Aged Care', Journal of Advanced Nursing31(4): 892—9.
19.
Gilligan, C. (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20.
Held, V. (2002) `Care and the Extension of Markets', Hypatia17(2): 19—33.
21.
Hughes, B., McKie, L., Hopkins, D. and Watson, N. (2005) `Love's Labours Lost? Feminism, the Disabled People's Movement and an Ethic of Care', Sociology39(2): 259—75.
22.
Keith, L. (1992) `Who Cares Wins? Women, Caring and Disability' , Disability and Society7(2): 167—75.
23.
Lloyd, M. (2001) `The Politics of Disability and Feminism: Discord or Synthesis?', Sociology35(3): 715—28.
24.
McCann, S. (2002) `Informal Care: The Views of People Receiving Care' , Health and Social Care in the Community10(4): 221—8.
25.
Morris, J. (1989) Able Lives: Women's Experience of Paralysis. London: Women's Press.
26.
Morris, J. (1993) Independent Lives? Community Care and Disabled People. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
27.
Oakley, A. (1974) The Sociology of Housework. Oxford: Blackwell.
28.
Parker, G. (1992) With this Body: Caring and Disability in Marriage . Buckingham: Open University Press .
29.
Plumwood, V. (1993) Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge.
30.
Russell, C. (1997) `Protective Care-receiving: The Active Role of Care Recipients', Journal of Advanced Nursing25(3): 532—40.
31.
Sevenhuijsen, S. (1998) Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics. London: Routledge.
32.
Sevenhuijsen, S. (2000) `Caring in the Third Way: The Relation between Obligation, Responsibility and Care in ``Third Way'' Discourse', Critical Social Policy20(1): 5—37.
33.
Shakespeare, T. (2000) Help: Imagining Welfare. Birmingham : Venture Press.
34.
Sheldon, A. (1999) `Personal and Perplexing: Feminist Disability Politics Evaluated', Disability and Society14(5): 643—57.
35.
Silvers, A. (1995) `Reconciling Equality to Difference: Caring (f)or Justice forPeople with Disabilities', Hypatia10(1): 30—55.
36.
Skeggs, B. (1997) Formations of Class and Gender: Becoming Respectable . London: SAGE.
37.
Tronto, J. (1993) Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. London: Routledge.
38.
Tronto, J. and Fisher, B. (1990) `Towards a Feminist Theory of Caring', in E. K. Abel and M. K. Nelson (eds) Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women's Lives. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
39.
Watson, N., McKie, L., Hughes, B., Hopkins, D. and Gregory, S. (2004) `(Inter)-dependence, Needs and Care: The Potential for Disability and Feminist Theorists to Develop an Emancipatory Model'Sociology38(2): 331—50.
40.
Zarb, G. and Oliver, M. (1993) Ageing with a Disability: What do they Expect after all these Years? London: University of Greenwich.
