In this article, the authors draw on arguments developed in their recent book Rehabilitation, Crime and Justice (Raynor and Robinson, 2005) to discuss the aftermath of the ‘What Works’ initiative and the future of rehabilitation. They argue that our understanding of rehabilitation needs to extend beyond narrow correctionalism to a more socially inclusive and relational model, and outline some of the strategies which might enable the probation service, at a time of uncertainty about its future, to contribute to this kind of development.
Aos, S. , Miller M. & Drake, E. (2006) Evidence-Based Adult Corrections Programs: What Works and What Does Not. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy .
2.
Bazemore, G. (1996) ‘Three Paradigms for Juvenile Justice’, in B. Galaway and J. Hudson (eds) Restorative Justice: International Perspectives. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press .
3.
Bazemore, G. (1998) ‘Restorative Justice and Earned Redemption’ , American Behavioral Scientist41 (6): 768–813 .
4.
Bazemore, G. & Bell, D. (2004) ‘What is the Appropriate Relationship between Restorative Justice and Treatment?’, in H. Zehr and B. Toews (eds) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press .
5.
Bottoms, A.E. & McWilliams, W. (1979) ‘A Non-treatment Paradigm for Probation Practice’ , British Journal of Social Work9 (2): 159–202 .
6.
Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
7.
Braithwaite, J. (1993) ‘Shame and Modernity’ , British Journal of Criminology33 (1): 1–18 .
8.
Braithwaite, J. & Mugford, S. (1994) ‘Conditions of Successful Reintegration Ceremonies’ , British Journal of Criminology34 (2): 139–171 .
9.
Chapman, T. & Hough, M. (1998) Evidence-based Practice. London: Home Office .
10.
Crow, I. (2001) The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offenders. London: Sage .
Dalkin, J. & Padel, U. (2004) ‘The Reducing Re-offending Action Plan and Prisoner Resettlement’ , Criminal Justice Matters56: 16–17 .
13.
Drakeford, M. & Vanstone, M. (eds) (1996) Beyond Offending Behaviour. Aldershot: Arena .
14.
Farrall, S. (2002) Rethinking What Works with Offenders: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan .
15.
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish. London: Allen Lane .
16.
Garland, D. (1985) Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies. Aldershot: Gower .
17.
Halliday, J. (2001) Making Punishments Work: Report of a Review of the Sentencing Framework for England and Wales. London: Home Office .
18.
Harper, G. & Chitty, C. (2004) The Impact of Corrections on Re-offending: A Review of ‘What Works’,Home Office Research Study 291. London: Home Office .
19.
Home Office (2001) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review by HM Inspectorates of Prisons and Probation. London: Home Office .
20.
Home Office (2004a) Reducing Crime, Changing Lives. London: Home Office .
21.
Home Office (2004b) Reducing Re-offending National Action Plan. London: Home Office .
22.
Homel, P. , Nutley, S. , Webb, B. & Tilley, N. (2005) Investing to Deliver: Reviewing the Implementation of the UK Crime Reduction Programme, Home Office Research Study 281. London: Home Office .
23.
Hough, M. (ed.) (2004) Criminal Justice 4 (3), Special Issue: Evaluating the Crime Reduction Programme in England and Wales.
24.
Howard, M. (1993) Speech to Conservative Party Conference, October.
JUSTICE, The Howard League for Penal Reform and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (1972) Living It Down: The Problem of Old Convictions. London: Stevens .
27.
Lewis, S. (2005) ‘Rehabilitation: Headline or Footnote in the New Penal Policy?’ , Probation Journal52 (2): 119–135 .
28.
Lipton, D. , Pearson, F. , Cleland, C. & Yee, D. (2002) ‘The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioural Treatment Methods on Offender Recidivism’, in J. McGuire (ed.) Offender Rehabilitation and Treatment. Chichester: Wiley .
29.
McGuire, J. (ed.) (1995) What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Chichester: Wiley .
30.
McGuire, J. (2003) ‘Maintaining Change: Converging Legal and Psychological Initiatives in a Therapeutic Jurisprudence Framework’ , Western Criminology Review4 (2): 108–123 . URL: http://wcr.sonoma.edu
31.
McNeill, F. (2003) ‘Desistance Focused Probation Practice’, in W-H. Chui and M. Nellis (eds) Moving Probation Forward. Harlow: Pearson Education .
32.
McNeill, F. (2004) ‘Desistance, Rehabilitation and Correctionalism: Developments and Prospects in Scotland’ , The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice43 (4): 420–436 .
33.
McWilliams, W. & Pease, K. (1990) ‘Probation Practice and an End to Punishment’ , The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice29: 14–24 .
34.
Maguire, M. , Raynor, P. , Vanstone, M. & Kynch, J. (2000) ‘Voluntary After-care and the Probation service: A Case of Diminishing Responsibility’ , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice39: 234–248 .
35.
Mair, G. (ed.) (2004) What Matters in Probation. Cullompton: Willan .
36.
Mannheim, H. (1939) The Dilemma of Penal Reform. London: Allen & Unwin .
37.
Maruna, S. (2000) Making Good. Washington: American Psychological Association .
38.
Maruna, S. & LeBel, T. (2003) ‘Welcome Home? Examining the “Re-entry Court” Concept from a Strengths-based Perspective’ , Western Criminology Review4 (2): 91–107 . URL: http://wcr.sonoma.edu
39.
Merrington, S. & Hine, J. (2001) A Handbook for Evaluating Probation Work with Offenders. London: Home Office .
40.
Merrington, S. & Stanley, S. (2000) ‘Doubts about the What Works Initiative’ , Probation Journal47 (4): 272–275 .
41.
Merrington, S. & Stanley, S. (2004) ‘What Works? Revisiting the evidence in England and Wales’ , Probation Journal51 (1): 7–20 .
42.
Morgan, R. (2003) ‘Foreword’, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation Annual Report 2002/2003. London: Home Office .
43.
National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO) (2001) ‘AGM Resolutions 2001’ , NAPO News134: 10–15 .
44.
National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO) (2005) Restructuring Probation: What Works?London: NAPO .
45.
NOMS and Youth Justice Board (2005) NOMS and YJB Approach to Communities and Civil Renewal. London: NOMS and YJB .
46.
NPD Interventions Unit (2005) Annual Report for Accredited Programmes 2004–5. London: National Probation Service .
47.
Pease, K. (1999) ‘The Probation Career of Al Truism’ , The Howard Journal38 (1): 2–16 .
48.
Raynor, P. (1985) Social Work, Justice and Control. Oxford: Blackwell .
49.
Raynor, P. (2004) ‘The Probation Service “Pathfinders”: Finding the Path and Losing the Way?’ , Criminal Justice4 (3): 309–325 .
50.
Raynor, P. & Robinson, G. (2005) Rehabilitation, Crime and Justice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan .
51.
Raynor, P. & Vanstone, M. (1994) ‘Probation Practice, Effectiveness and the Non-treatment Paradigm’ , British Journal of Social Work24 (4): 387–404 .
52.
Raynor, P. , Smith, D. & Vanstone, M. (1994) Effective Probation Practice. Basingstoke: Macmillan .
53.
Social Exclusion Unit (2002) Reducing Re-offending by Ex-prisoners. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister .
54.
Travis, J. & Petersilia, J. (2001) ‘Re-entry Reconsidered: A New Look at an Old Question’ , Crime and Delinquency47 (3): 291–313 .
55.
Underdown, A. (1998) ‘Strategies for Effective Supervision’, Report of the HMIP What Works Project. London: Home Office .
