Outcomes of One-Skill Retakes in a Four-Skills Proficiency Test: Evidence From Large-Scale Test Data

A test taker may underperform for reasons not fully attributable to language proficiency, including psychological or contextual influences such as anxiety or illness. IELTS One Skill Retake (OSR) was launched in 2022, allowing test takers to retake, within 60 days, a single component in which their initial performance may have been affected by extenuating circumstances. This study examines outcomes associated with OSR by analysing test-taking patterns and score changes among over 20,000 OSR test takers from its launch through Spring 2024. It also reports survey findings from 578 OSR test takers on their experiences, including whether they achieved target scores and their perceived reasons for not achieving the desired score on the original full test. Across skills, average OSR component scores were higher than the corresponding scores on the original full test, and overall-band changes among OSR test takers were comparable to those observed among short-interval full-test repeaters (⩽60 days). Survey responses commonly cited factors such as insufficient preparation, stress and anxiety, and fatigue and lack of focus as perceived contributors to underperformance on the initial test. The findings contribute empirical evidence relevant to the interpretation and use of one-skill retake scores and to ongoing discussions of the validity and equity implications of retake policies in large-scale language testing.