A systematic review of infopreneurship’s opportunities and challenges

Abstract

In this study, the literature on the opportunities and challenges for infopreneurship was compiled using the systematic literature review (SLR) method. The study's specific goal was to look at the infopreneurship opportunities that are available and the obstacles that LIS graduates must overcome in order to take use of them. In a methodical manner, relevant research publications from journals were downloaded, reviewed, and interpreted. The researchers used numerous research strategies, such as keyword and phrase searches, to assure the precision of the study papers collected. Because basic phrase and key word searches produced substantial results, advanced search tactics like truncation and Boolean operators were not employed in this investigation. The researchers employed multiple databases, including emerald, research4life, Ebsco host, FullfreePDF, and Google scholar, with base search serving as the primary search engine. The study found out several opportunities that existed on infopreneurship, some of which include Internet blogging, software and hardware installation, graphic design, using information, customized information, facilitating access to information, repackaging information, increasing the flow of information, digitization and internetworking. The study further found a number of challenges that make it less likely for infopreneurs to seize and exploit these opportunities such as financial constraints, the price of necessary equipment, a lack of infrastructure, the legal registration process, graduates' lack of skills, and poor planning. The study concludes that information entrepreneurship is essential to any nation's economic sector. The study suggests that by reviewing LIS curricula we can increase student understanding of infopreneurship practice.

Keywords

Inforpreneurship inforpreneurship opportunities inforpreneurship challenges information business

Introduction

Tanzania’s educational system, like that of the majority of other African countries, prioritizes obtaining paper certificates above helping students build their entrepreneurial talents. Thus, library and information science are undergoing significant transformation, which is having an impact in the background. In this new era, where information is at the heart of all economic growth, information science cannot be overlooked. Library and Information Studies (LIS) curriculums were created primarily to teach library and information science students how to choose, handle, and arrange material in a library setting based on its kind and format (Adam et al., 2022; Agri et al., 2018). It also prepared them for work opportunities in their field as well as in other ones. One must possess entrepreneurial skills to use in their line of work if they are to remain relevant in the information age.

Infopreneurship is a type of business that involves the production, capture, acquisition, processing, sharing, and use of information as goods and services. It is vital for universities to generate graduates, particularly in the LIS profession, who are fully capable of capturing, sharing, processing, and disseminating information to appropriate clients for a charge. Graduates will be able to employ themselves and help the government handle the current worldwide crisis of unemployment. The term “infopreneurship” was created by combining the words “information” and “entrepreneur.” After analyzing the works of numerous scholars on infopreneurship, (Ramugondo and Ocholla, 2022) conclude that the business of infopreneurship is the creation, sale, and provision of information goods and services for a fee.

That is to say, the term “infopreneur” is a mix of “information” and “entrepreneur,” and it refers to a type of business owner who makes a living by selling their knowledge and experience they have on their profession. This person gathers information from various sources and/or from their own life experience and then creates material or something that can be sold. They typically fall into one of two categories: affiliate marketers and content creators (Adetayo et al., 2022). Content creators create informational goods or services based on their expertise or information obtained from experts. Because becoming a professional infopreneur entails thinking about and packaging knowledge on subjects that others are unaware of and eager to learn about, many people who are ICT-compliant and have writing skills, for example, can generate large earnings from information products.

Affiliate marketers, on the other hand, are those that promote the content of others. For example, if a book review is published and recommended to others, the book can be purchased via an Amazon affiliate link on a blog. They get paid in exchange for them buying the book based on the uploaded review. This is also true for other things, such as online services. In summary, they get compensated based on their performance (Adetayo et al., 2022; Puluhulawa et al., 2022). This suggests that LIS graduates are expected to be educated about this and to be able to use such talents to employ themselves and others provided the curriculum used included such topics.

The study results by (Ivwurie and Ocholla, 2016) established that infopreneurship is becoming more popular in both developed and developing nations, despite the fact that most people who engage in it are not familiar with the term. Examples of infopreneurship businesses include desktop and book publishing services, printing, photocopying, typing, and scanning services, internet café and internet service provider services, document storage facilities, computer learning facilities, and computer repair and troubleshooting services, according to (Bayat et al., 2019; Dewah and Mutula, 2016; Ramugondo and Ocholla, 2022).

Despite the fact that this field is expanding, research from several studies (including Ramugondo and Ocholla, 2022) has revealed that few librarians especially from African countries practice infopreneurship.

It should be noted that progress on an individual and social level is largely contingent on using pertinent information at the appropriate time (Adetayo et al., 2022). People in all walks of life seek information in some form or another for choice and decision making, which has increased the number of opportunities for information professionals (Mubofu and Mambo, 2021), such as the establishment of information centers where information can be searched, processed/repacked, and delivered to the appropriate information seeker on time. Librarians have every incentive to guarantee that the correct information reaches the right people at the right time, as information has become a crucial instrument for empowerment. However, the practice shows that, despite being experts in information, librarians have not taken advantage of infopreneurship opportunities by focusing on this crucial societal specialty. As a result, this study examines a number of infopreneurship opportunities and challenges that have been noted in other studies.

Materials and methods

In this study, the systematic literature review (SLR) method was used to collect literature relevant to the issues discussed and then select the best pieces to generate an overview of opportunities and challenges for infopreneurship. In a methodical manner, relevant research publications from various journals were downloaded, reviewed, and interpreted. To ensure the precision of the study articles acquired, the researchers used keyword and phrase search methodologies. Because basic phrase and key word searches yielded significant results, advanced search techniques such as truncation and Boolean operators were not used in this study. The researchers employed multiple databases, including Emerald, Research4Life, EBSCOhost, FullFreePDF, and Google Scholar, with base search serving as the primary search engine. For example, in databases, search keywords such as “infopreneurship,” “infopreneurship opportunities,” “infopreneurship challenges,” and “information business” were used. The screening process for retrieved articles were mainly based on currency of the articles, author reputation and organization affiliation. Moreover, relevancy ranking by respective databases was used where the top 20 articles were screened and included in the study.

Results and discussion

Opportunities of infoprenurship

Infopreneurship has evolved into a crucial resource for rational development. The rapid expansion in the availability and accessibility of information resources and services in all sectors of human endeavor has created new opportunities and challenges for information specialists. The study conducted by Adam et al. (2022) in Nigeria established that students enter infopreneurship to supplement their income, and have the requisite ICT skills to function successfully in infopreneurship. This demonstrates the importance of incorporating infopreneurship into the curriculum so that LIS graduates may compete effectively in the employment market. For graduates of LIS programs and other relevant academic subjects, infopreneurship practice has opened their eyes to the possibility of employment and independence (Ivwurie and Ocholla, 2016). Information professionals nowadays are forced to adapt, survive, and compete in the world of virtual information by using new talents and techniques (Du Toit, 2000; Lose and Khuzwayo, 2022). Some examples of recent infopreneurship opportunities in the librarianship profession include, but are not limited to:

Internet blogging: For young adults who have strategically incorporated themselves into blogging, it has been a tremendous source of cash. This social media platform is used for marketing, political campaigns, education, and self-promotion, among other things. Individuals can blog from the comfort of their own homes, reaching millions of people all over the world. According to Bowbrick (2011), the blogging industry is expanding on a daily basis and has attracted many people to work in it, despite the fact that it requires a large and ongoing investment of time, effort, and attention and does not yield an immediate return. For instance, in the United Kingdom, blogs have evolved into a "genuine, mature, sophisticated platform for the creative, the opinionated, and the obstinate to share their tales." The introduction of blogging software and user-friendly blog websites has made the creation of strong websites accessible to non-programmers (Lahm Jr. and Stowe, 2011).

Software and hardware installation: depending on their level of proficiency, graduates in the LIS profession may be able to find employment as installation engineers for a variety of software and hardware. It has been highlighted that workflow can be enhanced more quickly and efficiently with the installation of software and hardware. This is an opportunity for infopreneurs to sell themselves in order to secure employment and earn money. According to a report by the (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021), the demand for computer and information technology occupations, including software and hardware installation engineers, is projected to grow by 11% from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations.

Tracking services: tracking services based on geographic and location data are gradually expanding in the business field. This service collects and shows the location of moving objects on a map. The interoperation of remote servers’ location information and geographic information is required to enable this tracking service. This is another possibility for infopreneurs as information specialists to provide tracking services based on diverse geographic data models, which means that current LIS graduates must have expertise in developing methods for combining location information and distributed geographic data.

Troubleshooting: The problems of addressing issues with online materials are too complex for the library management software currently in use by various information centers. Following the adoption of management information systems such as KOHA and OPAC in several Tanzanian libraries to facilitate information access and retrieval, the issue of troubleshooting has generated a new endeavor for infopreneurs. The only thing that entrepreneurs need to do is ensure that they have the necessary skills to get the job done. The more they solve problems, the more likely they are to earn more jobs and make money.

Web design and programming: This is another area of expertise in which infopreneurs can excel particularly those involved in content development. By developing websites and programming, content creators can make a lot of money. They may be trusted to obtain relevant information for the contents of numerous websites because they are specialists in information. To ensure high user engagement, professionals must actively participate in the creation, marketing, and administration of digital materials. According to research (Okuonghae, 2021; Puluhulawa et al., 2022; Ramugondo and Ocholla, 2022), the creation and management of digital content requires the services of someone who is highly skilled in information search and retrieval as well as metadata management to ensure high discoverability of the created content. Librarians are not only skilled in the management of information but are also skilled in the search, organization, and description of data.

Graphic design with Using Photoshop: According to (Aregbesola et al., 2019) has helped millions of Nigerian youths. Most advertising companies rely on graphic artists who are skilled at using CorelDraw and Photoshop tools to translate concepts into images that force prospective customers to make a decision. Buyers' behavioral intentions are boosted by graphical representations of things that attract them. Similarly, government programs and policies have been disseminated through billboards and brochures that are graphically designed to express official goals to the public. It is worth noting that no nation can function without graphic artists, as daily publications rely on them to present news. Additionally, (Aregbesola et al., 2019) established that the opportunities brought by information entrepreneurship are numerous. For instance, in developed nations, they have been able to stop terrorism, unemployment, hooliganism, robbery, and a number of other national challenges by encouraging information entrepreneurship with the help of support from governmental and corporate organizations.

Furthermore, the study by Weitzen (1989) titled “Infopreneurs: Turn data into dollars” exposed seven opportunities for entrepreneurs working with information, which include the following:

Leveraging or Using Information: Infopreneurs use databases or the Internet to collect broad market knowledge and support data for research, as well as to develop marketing plans, pricing strategies, distribution routes, and advertising programs. Cyber infopreneurship, also known as infopreneurship, is the practice of managing and carrying out information business operations with customers, intermediaries, or partners while also marketing and selling digital information products or services across electronic networks (Adetayo et al., 2022). By doing this, they generate income that is crucial to their existence.

Customized information: In this age of information explosion, information that has been synthesized and customized to the demands of the user to meet their information needs has been critical. This entailed converting information into a readily understandable manner (e.g., computer generated graphics) (Aregbesola et al., 2019; Beriya, 2022; Lose and Khuzwayo, 2022; Mubofu and Mambo, 2021). Librarians, as information specialists, have the ability to repackage or simplify material such that even a layperson may understand the message hidden in a properly prepared research paper.

Facilitating information access: The recent information explosion has made it more important than ever to locate the appropriate information quickly. Due to the current quick pace of change, the gap between information created and information consumed continues to grow. Electronic information access offers one solution to this issue since it enables infopreneurs to obtain desired information, choose what is useful, then reconstruct and selectively distribute it to clients. If they possess the essential marketable abilities, LIS professionals can pursue this additional path. Because most people lack the ability to evaluate information sources, they frequently rely on dubious sources or predatory journals, which results in the dissemination of false information.

Increasing the Flow of Information: As a result of the fact that today's infopreneurs can generate, send, and receive data almost instantly via the World Wide Web, from and to remote sites hundreds of kilometers away, there is a significant demand for improved information flow because information requirements are time-sensitive and targeted to address a specific problem at a specific time. Libraries and librarians as information professionals and as agents of transformation have made tremendous attempts to incorporate emerging technologies into their services (Okuonghae, 2021). Making credible information more available while simultaneously improving user interaction with libraries is one goal of the usage of new digital technology. The majority of libraries in developed nations regularly use social media to connect customers and library services, and libraries in developing nations may do the same. Social media allows for the immediate dissemination of research findings to clients, which aids in the prompt resolution of societal issues.

Repackaging information: This entails organizing information into new information products and services. The purpose of repackaging information is to find unrelated but maybe related information and combine it to produce new goods. The frequency with which librarians use the internet as a medium of communication, collaboration, and cooperation to establish commercial or trade transactions for information products and services reflects their capacity to employ infopreneurship (Anderson, 2017). This demonstrates that infopreneurship explores the impact of information technology on the growth of information businesses and services via the internet, in part because they bring together the best tactics and sources for detecting and combating misinformation, disinformation, and fake news. Following the presentation of these tips and tricks, library staff can lead users through many pre-selected examples before giving patrons the opportunity to find their own examples. Misinformation occurs when false information is shared but no harm is intended, whereas disinformation occurs when false information is knowingly shared with the intent to cause harm, whereas malinformation occurs when genuine information is shared with the intent to cause harm, frequently by moving information intended to remain private into the public sphere (ALA, 2020).

Information distribution around the clock: People's information needs are not limited by time, which has forced information specialists to be creative and imaginative, allowing them to address users’ information needs 24 h a day, seven days a week. In locations where this technology has not yet been installed, it has created an opportunity for talented and knowledgeable entrepreneurs to profit from it. As computers begin to substitute for human labor, the ability to transfer information swiftly at any time of day or night becomes possible. Other potential for information entrepreneurs includes, but is not limited to, digitization, virtualization, and internetworking. Digitization is the process of changing products and forms of service into binary formats, whereas virtualization is the process of transforming physical assets into virtual ones (ALA, 2020). Internetworking refers to network economics with a wide range of interconnected economic organizations, and convergence includes the convergence of computers, communication, and content.

Media Creation and Engagement / Creating and Sharing Media Messages Online: Guiding people through the process of creating and sharing media content on sites like YouTube is another fantastic opportunity for digital librarians today. However, before you start this type of business, you should consider the following questions. Is there a podcast available at your library? Is a blogger someone you know? Do you have any “digital storytellers” on your staff or among your customers? If the answer to your questions is “yes,” then you can launch the business. The abundance of new platforms and free tools has made it easier than ever to create media content (ALA, 2020). While we must remember that huge corporations such as Facebook and YouTube are profit-driven, we can assist our patrons in navigating these platforms and developing technological confidence while simultaneously providing opportunities to investigate the “greater picture."

Challenges confronted by infopreneurs

Infopreneurs encounter a variety of problems in an effort to start the information business. Some of the challenges faced include, but are not limited to, the following:

Lack of finance: To launch any firm, one needs a startup budget for the purchase and installation of necessary infrastructure. The same goes for infopreneurs; they require funding for the purchase of tools like computers, printers, photocopiers, and other equipment, as well as for the purchase of essential software like antivirus and other tools required to launch an information business. In terms of financing, (Anderson, 2017) stated that tax rules, bureaucracy, and financial issues impede entrepreneur startup and growth in the majority of developing countries. The majority of Ethiopian business owners were reportedly unable to secure bank loans due to a lack of collateral, as found by (Anderson, 2017; Bayat et al., 2019). The absence of the collateral required by banking institutions is a significant barrier to new business development. Poor finance is the most significant problem impeding the development or success of numerous undertakings. Advertisement as a marketing approach is quite expensive, especially when employing conventional media such as newspapers and radio. Although the introduction of social media has lowered costs, internet subscriptions and gadgets are still required, as is website building or blog creation. Most libraries do not have enough funds to build websites or blogs. Even those who have managed to digitize their libraries lack appropriate funding for ongoing database maintenance in order to provide better services to the market.

Cost of important equipment: These are the tools required for the start-up of an infopreneur enterprise. Most entrepreneurs have found it difficult because they are graduates from higher learning institutions and cannot afford the expense of the equipment available in the market. To start an infopreneurship business, you will need computers, printers, and routers for internet connectivity, smart phones, and photocopiers (Adetayo et al., 2022). However, these tools are costly, and many new entrepreneurs cannot afford to purchase them for business startups.

Lack of infrastructure: reliable infrastructures such as office space, reliable electricity, and internet connectivity are critical for running an infopreneurship business. The study by Anderson (2017) also showed that modern business growth is influenced by elements such as technology and appropriate infrastructure. Although information business can be done 24/7 in today’s world, it is necessary to have a registered office where people can visit if they need to discuss something with an entrepreneur face-to-face. Libraries, particularly public ones, have been providing good infrastructure for people to access information for various purposes (Mubofu and Mambo, 2021), but due to library regulations, this is not a good place for entrepreneurs to conduct their business. Infrastructure such as software, hardware, internet facilities, and other physical equipment are necessary in a digital information service system to give easier, faster, and more complete access to information. Big data management necessitates the use of infrastructure. It becomes difficult to manage huge amounts of data in the absence of the necessary infrastructure.

Legal Registration Process: Registering a business in any country is mandatory for easy identification of the taxpayers in that country and for the government to collect their taxes easily. However, there has been difficulty in licensing firms due to the excessive cost of business registration, and the tax levied on smaller infopreneurs is excessive (Anderson, 2017; Ivwurie and Ocholla, 2016). It is critical for the government to enact policies that encourage young entrepreneurs to start businesses in the country. If properly created, infopreneurship could assist in solving the unemployment problem, which has been a major burden on governments not only in Tanzania but also in Africa and around the world.

Lack of skills among graduates: lack of technical and business knowledge required to transform academic theories into “actual” firms (David and Dube, 2013). Additionally, it was proved by Anderson (2017) proved that technical and managerial skills are essential for any business's launch. However, the majority of graduates who have attempted to launch their own information-based business have lacked both technical and managerial abilities. This implies that incorporating these skills is crucial to running an infopreneurship business in the present day. The lack of skilled individuals is caused by the country's insufficient number of lecturers and professors with the necessary abilities to generate competent infopreneurs.

Poor planning : Poor planning has a good correlation with business failures of all sizes. That means that entrepreneurs who invest a significant amount of time in time-unit planning are likely to see rapid growth in their information firm. Understanding where you are, identifying where you want to go, and determining how to get there are the three stages of planning. Weitzen (1989) believes that is the best strategy for high-risk situations and execution. Previous research (Campagnolo, 2022; Welter, 2021) found that even when there is no crisis, businesses must plan for adversity in order to grow and perform better.

Conceptual framework

Figure 1 assumes that both types of infopreneurs, whether content creators or affiliate marketers, will be able to capitalize on inforpreneurship opportunities such as Internet blogging, software and hardware installation, graphic design, using information, customized information, facilitating access to information, repackaging information, increasing the flow of information, information distribution around-the-clock, digitization, and internetworking if they are free from various challenges. The challenges that are likely to affect infopreneurs include but not limited to financial limitations, the cost of necessary equipment, a lack of infrastructure, the registration process required by law, graduates' lack of skills, and poor planning. Persistence of these barriers may reduce the likelihood that infopreneurs will seize and take advantage of these opportunities. Therefore, it is anticipated that graduates won't be able to take advantage of the potential mentioned unless the outlined problems are resolved.

Figure 1.

Researcher’s Construction (2022).

Conclusion and recommendations

Conclusion

We can conclude that information entrepreneurship is essential to any nation's economic sector. The success of information entrepreneurs should be encouraged by the government at all levels in order to reduce the unemployment rate in the country. The government should, to the greatest extent possible, remove every barrier that business owners in the country face in order to encourage LIS graduates to start their own information businesses.

Recommendation

The study suggests the following:

• Librarians should develop strong communication skills, information technology abilities, the capacity to respond to user inquiries, and the ability to sell ideal/library services.

• That LIS schools either integrate learning content that focuses on business skill development and practical vocational skill acquisition programs, or

• By reviewing LIS curricula and adding infopreneurship modules where they are missing, we can increase student understanding of infopreneurship practice. The reviewed curriculum should produce graduates who will have skills to work in at least one of the following job titles cloud support team lead, digital assets manager, digital collections librarian, digital humanities librarian, digital projects librarian, e-resources and collection assessment librarian, electronic resources librarian, gis librarian, library technology and digital experience librarian.

• That the governments offer young graduates who wish to launch their own businesses a helpful support system by cultivating a healthy business climate.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Christian Mubofu

Author biographies

Dr. Christian Mubofu is a distinguished scholar with a Ph.D. in Library and Information Studies. He serves as a Lecturer at the Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy, a premier institution in Tanzania. With an unwavering dedication to research, Dr. Mubofu has published extensively in both local and international journals, gaining widespread recognition for his work. His research interests include information dissemination, information resource preservation, traditional knowledge management, school libraries, records management, social media usage, marketing library information services, information resource sharing, and infopreneurship. Dr. Mubofu has undertaken various research projects utilizing desktop reviews, qualitative and quantitative research approaches, in-depth interviews, and surveys. His contributions to the field of Library and Information Studies are significant, and his work has helped shape the direction of research in the field. In short, Dr. Christian Mubofu is a remarkable scholar and academic whose contributions to Library and Information Studies are invaluable.

Dr. Andrew Malekani is a distinguished Senior Lecturer at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. His expertise lies in the field of librarianship, which he has extensively researched and studied throughout his academic career. He has made significant contributions to the field, and his work is highly regarded in both local and international academic circles.As a professional librarian, Dr. Malekani's research interests include areas such as information literacy, knowledge management, information technology, and library management. He has authored and published numerous scholarly articles on these subjects in both local and international journals, which have received critical acclaim and recognition from the academic community.Dr. Malekani's academic achievements and expertise have earned him numerous accolades throughout his career. He is frequently invited to speak at international conferences and seminars, where he shares his knowledge and expertise with other experts in the field of librarianship. His dedication to the advancement of the profession and his continued research on emerging trends and technologies make him a valuable asset to the academic community.

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