Anticoagulation strategies and difficulties in neonatal and paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Bembea MM Annich G Rycus P Oldenburg G Berkowitz I Pronovost P . Variability in anticoagulation management of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an international survey. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14: e77–84.

Newall F Ignjatovic V Johnston L . Clinical use of unfractionated heparin therapy in children: time for change? Br J Haematol 2010; 150: 674–678.

(ELSO) ELSO. ELSO Registry Report: International Summary January 2013. 2013.

Lawson S Ellis C Butler K McRobb C Mejak B . Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices, techniques and team roles: 2011 survey results of the United States’ Extracorporeal Life Support Organization centers. J Extra Corpor Technol 2011; 43: 236–244.

Lequier LL Massicotte P . Anticoagulation and bleeding during ECLS. In: Annich GM Lynch WR MacLaren G Wilson JM Bartlett RH (eds). ECMO: Extracorporeal Life Support in Critical Care. Ann Arbor: ELSO; 2012: pp. 157–170.

Marcum JA . The origin of the dispute over the discovery of heparin. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2000; 1: 37–66.

Best CH . Preparation of heparin and its use in the first clinical cases. Circulation 1959;19:79–86.

Becker RC . Cell-based models of coagulation: a paradigm in evolution. J Thromb Thrombolys 2005; 20: 65–68.

Annich GM Massicotte MP Lequier LL . Blood biomaterial surface interaction during ECLS. In: Annich GM Lynch WR MacLaren G Wilson JM Bartlett RH (eds). ECMO: Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Support in Critical Care. Ann Arbor: ELSO; 2012: pp. 75–86.

Hoffman M Monroe DM 3rd . A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemostas 2001; 85: 958–965.

Zabrocki LA Brogan TV Statler KD Poss WB Rollins MD Bratton SL . Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: survival and predictors of mortality. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 364–370.

Kishimoto TK Viswanathan K Ganguly T . Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2457–2467.

Hirsh J Bauer KA Donati MB . Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133: 141S–159S.

Ignjatovic V Straka E Summerhayes R Monagle P . Age-specific differences in binding of heparin to plasma proteins. J Thromb Haemostas 2010; 8: 1290–1294.

Ignjatovic V Furmedge J Newall F . Age-related differences in heparin response. Thromb Res 2006; 118: 741–745.

Baird CW Zurakowski D Robinson B . Anticoagulation and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: impact of activated clotting time and heparin dose on survival. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83: 912–919; discussion 19–20.

Miller BE Bailey JM Mancuso TJ . Functional maturity of the coagulation system in children: an evaluation using thrombelastography. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 745–748.

Oliver WC . Anticoagulation and coagulation management for ECMO. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 13: 154–175.

Hirsh J. Heparin. N Eng J Med 1991; 324: 1565–1574.

Basu D Gallus A Hirsh J Cade J . A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time. N Eng J Med 1972; 287: 324–327.

Zucker S Cathey MH . Control of heparin therapy. Sensitivity of the activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring the antithrombotic effects of heparin. J Lab Clin Med 1969; 73: 320–326.

Maul TM Wolff EL Kuch BA Rosendorff A Morell VO Wearden PD . Activated partial thromboplastin time is a better trending tool in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ped Crit Care Med 2012; 13: e363–371.

Liveris A Bello RA Friedmann P . Anti-factor Xa assay is a superior correlate of heparin dose than activated partial thromboplastin time or activated clotting time in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ped Crit Care Med 2014; 15: e72–79.

Alexander DC Butt WW Best JD Donath SM Monagle PT Shekerdemian LS . Correlation of thromboelastography with standard tests of anticoagulation in paediatric patients receiving extracorporeal life support. Thromb Res 2010 ;125: 387–392.

Annich G Adachi I . Anticoagulation for pediatric mechanical circulatory support. Ped Crit Care Med 2013; 14: S37–42.

Reynolds MM Annich GM . The artificial endothelium. Organogenesis 2011; 7: 42–49.

Ranucci M Ballotta A Kandil H . Bivalirudin-based versus conventional heparin anticoagulation for postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care 2011; 15: R275.

Niebler RA Christensen M Berens R Wellner H Mikhailov T Tweddell JS . Antithrombin replacement during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 2011; 35: 1024–1028.

Agati S Ciccarello G Salvo D Turla G Undar A Mignosa C . Use of a novel anticoagulation strategy during ECMO in a pediatric population: single-center experience. ASAIO J 2006; 52: 513–516.

Downard CD Betit P Chang RW Garza JJ Arnold JH Wilson JM . Impact of AMICAR on hemorrhagic complications of ECMO: a ten-year review. J Ped Surg 2003; 38: 1212–1216.

Chung A Wildhirt SM Wang S Koshal A Radomski MW . Combined administration of nitric oxide gas and iloprost during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces platelet dysfunction: a pilot clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129: 782–790.

Chan KL Summerhayes RG Ignjatovic V Horton SB Monagle PT . Reference values for kaolin-activated thromboelastography in healthy children. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1610–1613.

Baldwin JT Borovetz HS Duncan BW Gartner MJ Jarvik RK Weiss WJ . The national heart, lung, and blood institute pediatric circulatory support program: a summary of the 5-year experience. Circulation 2011; 123: 1233–1240.

Vandiver JW Vondracek TG . Antifactor Xa levels versus activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32: 546–558.

Nguyen T Musick M Teruya J . Anticoagulation monitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: is anti-factor Xa assay (heparin level) a better test? Ped Crit Care Med 2014; 15: 178–179.