Content,Context,and Process in Reasoning during Adolescence: Selecting a Model

1. Linn, M. C. & Petersen, A. C. The emergence of gender differences in spatial ability: A metaanalysis. Paper presented at the AERA Special Interest Group on Research on Women in Education, Mid-Year Conference, November, 1982.

2. Heller, J. I. & Reif, F. Cognitive mechanisms: Facilitating human Problem solving in physics: Empirical validation of a prescriptive model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, March, 1982.

3. D'Andrade, R. Reason versus logic. Talk for Symposium on the Ecology of Cognition: Biological, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives, Greensboro, North Carolina, April, 1982.

Baltes, P. B. Longitudinal and cross-sectional sequences in study of age and generation effects . Human Development, 1968, 11, 145-171.

Carey, S. & Block, N. NSE-NIE project, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982.

Cattell, R. B. Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.

Cloutier, R. , & Goldschmid, M. Individual differences in the development of formal reasoning. Child Development, 1976, 47, 1097-1102.

Cox, J. R. , & Griggs, R. A. The effects of experience on performance in Wason's selection task. Mem. Cog., in press.

Cronbach, L. J. , & Snow, R. E. Aptitude Treatment Interactions. New York: Irvington, 1977.

Damon, W. , & Hart, D. The development of self-understanding from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 1982,53, 841-864.

Elkind, D. Cognitive development in adolescence. In J. F. Adams (Ed.), Understanding adolescence. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1968.

Elkind, D. Egocentrism in adolescence . Child Development, 1967, 38, 1025-1034.

Flavell, J. H. , & Wohlwill, J. F. Formal and functional aspects of cognitive development. In D. Elkind & J. Flavell (Eds.), Studies in Cognitive Development: Essays in Honor of Jean Piaget. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Ford, M. E. Social cognition and social competence in adolescence . Developmental Psychology, 1982,18, 323-340.

Griggs, R. A. The role of problem content in the selection task and THOG problem. In J. St. B.T. Evans (Ed.), Thinking and Reasoning: Psychological Approaches. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, in press.

Griggs, R. A. , & Cox, J. R. The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason's selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 1982, 73, 407-420.

Hanson, N. R. Patterns of Discovery. An Inquiry Into the Conceptual Foundations of Science. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1961.

Inhelder, B. , & Piaget, J. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. New York: Basic Books, 1958.

Johnson-Laird, P. N. , Legrenzi, P. , & Legrenzi, M. Reasoning and a sense of reality. British Journal of Psychology, 1972, 63. 395-400.

Kuhn, T. S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (2nd Edition, enlarged). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

Kyllonen, P. C. , Lohman, P. F. , & Snow, R. E. Effects of aptitudes, strategy training and task facets on spatial task performance, School of Education, Stanford University, 1982.

Kyllonen, P. C. , Woltz, D. J. , & Lohman, D. F. Models of strategy and strategy-shifting in spatial visualization performance. Tech. Report 17, Aptitude Research Project, School of Education, Stanford University, 1982.

Lakatos, I. Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Larkin, J. , McDermott, J. , Simon, D. P. , & Simon, H. A. Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science, 1980. 208, 1335-1342.

Lewis, C. How adolescents approach decisions: Changes over grades seven to twelve and policy implications . Child Development, 1981,52, 538-544.

Linn, M. C. Cognitive style, training, and formal thought . Child Development, 1978, 49, 874-877.

Linn, M. C. Scientific reasoning: Influences on task performance and response categorization . Science Education, 1977, 61, 357-369.

Linn, M. C. Teaching children to control variables: Some investigations using free choice experiences. In S. Modgil and C. Modgil (Eds.), Toward a theory of psychological development within the Piagetian framework, London: National Foundation for Educational Research, 1980.

Linn, M. C. , Clement, C. , & Pulos, S. M. Is it formal if it's not physics? The influence of laboratory and naturalistic content on formal reasoning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, in press.

Linn, M. C. , de Benedictis, T. , & Delucchi, K. Adolescent reasoning about advertisements: Preliminary investigations. Child Development, 1982,53, 1599-1613.

Linn, M. C. , Delucchi, K. , & de Benedictis, T. Adolescent reasoning about advertisements: Relevance of product claims. Adolescent Reasoning Project Report, ARP-A-8, 1982. Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley, CA.

Linn, M. C. , & Kyllonen, P. The field dependence-independence construct: Some one, or none. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981, 73, 261-273.

Linn, M. C. , & Pulos, S. Male-female differences in predicting displaced volume: Strategy usage, aptitude relationships and experience influences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1983, 75, 86-96.

Linn, M. C. , Pulos, S. , & Gans, A. Correlates of formal reasoning: Content and problem effects. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1981, 18, 435-447.

Linn, M. C. , & Siegel, H. Post-formal reasoning: A progressing research program. In M. Commons (Ed.), Models of Post Formal Reasoning, Praeger Publishers, in press.

Linn, M. C. & Swiney, J. Individual differences in formal thought: Role of expectations and aptitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981, 73, 274-286.

Manktelow, K. I. , and Evans, J.St.B.T. Facilitation of reasoning by realism: Effect or non-effect? British Journal of Psychology, 1979, 70, 477-488.

McCloskey, M. , Carramazza, A. , & Green, B. Curvilinear motion in the absence of external forces: Naive beliefs about the motion of objects. Science, 1980, 210, 1139-1141.

Mishler. E. G. Meaning in context: Is there any other kind? Harvard Educational Review, 1979,49(1), 1-19.

Moschis, G. P. , & Churchill, G. A. An analysis of the adolescent consumer. Journal of Marketing, 1979,43, 40-48.

Pulos, S. , de Benedictis, T. , Linn, M. C. , Sullivan, P. , & Clement, C. Predicting displaced volume: A training study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 1982, 2, 61-74.

Shor, I. Critical Teaching and Everyday Life. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1980.

Shugan, S. M. The cost of thinking . Journal of Consumer Research, 1980, 7, 99-111.

Siegel, H. On the parallel between Piagetian cognitive development and the history of science . Philosophy of the Society Sciences, 1982, in press.

Simon, H. A. The behavioral and social sciences . Science, 1980,209 72-78.

Simon, H. A. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1969.

Snow, R. E. , Federico, P. A. , & Montague, W. (Eds.). Aptitude, learning and instruction: Cognitive process analysis (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1980.

Sternberg, R. J. Intelligence and nonentrenchment . Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981, 73, 1-16.

Sternberg, R. J. Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977.

Tschirgi, J. E. Sensible reasoning; A hypothesis about hypotheses . Child Development, 1980,51, 1-10.

Tversky, A. , & Kanneman, D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 1974, 185, 1124-1131.

Viennot, L. Spontaneous reasoning in elementary dynamics . European Journal of Science Education, 1979,1, 205-221.

Wason, P. C. Realism and rationality in the selection task. In J.St.B.T. Evans (Ed.), Thinking and reasoning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, in press.

Wason, P. C. , & Johnson-Laird, P. N. Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.

Wright, P. Consumer choice strategies: Simplifying vs. optimizing . Journal of Marketing Research, 1975,12, 60-68.