Professionals in Public Organizations: Organizational Environments and Incentives

1 This is a revised version of a paper presented at the 1981 National Conference of the American Society for Public Administration, Detroit, Michigan, April 12-15.

2 Frederick Mosher , Democracy and the Public Service (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968).

Robert E. Cleary , "The Professional as Public Servant: The Decision-Making Dilemma," International Journal of Public Administration 2 (1980): 151-160.

Donald P. Warwick , A Theory of Public Bureaucracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976).

5 D. J. Hickson and M. W. Thomas , "Professionalization in Britain: A Preliminary Measurement," Sociology 3 (June 1969): 38-53.

6 Alan C. Filley , Robert J. House , and Steven Kerr , Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior (Glenview, III.: Scott, Foresman, 1976).

7 Richard H. Hall , Organizations: Structure and Process (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981), p. 107.

⁸ Ibid., p. 109.

9 Magali S. Larson , The Rise of Professionalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 178-207.

Richard L. Schott , "The Professions in Government: Engineering as a Case in Point," Public Administration Review 38 (March/April 1978): 126-132.

11 Kathryn M. Bartol , "Professionalism as a Predictor of Organizational Commitment, Role Stress, and Turnover: A Multidimensional Approach," Academy of Management Journal 22 (December 1979): 815-821.

12 Mosher , Democracy and the Public Service, pp. 106ff.

see also Mosher , Democracy and the Public Service, p. 109.

14 See Chester A. Newland , Professional Public Executives (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Public Administration, 1980).

15 Newland , Professional Public Executives, and Mosher, Democracy and the Public Service.

16 Kenneth J. Meier , Politics and the Bureaucracy (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1979), 169.

¹⁷ Ibid., p. 171.

¹⁸ Ibid., pp. 169-170.

19 See, for example, William G. Lewis , "Letter to Patrick Brannigan," Review/SWAP: Newsletter of the ASPA Section on Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, 238 West Delaware Ave., Pennington, N.J., vol. 3, no. 3(1981), p. 1.

20 Wamsley and Zald , The Political Economy of Public Organizations, p. 10.

21 Robert W. Backoff , "Power Configurations, Political Processes, and Strategic Management in Local Government Agencies," a paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Decision Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1980.

22 Bruce Buchanan and Jeff Millstone , "Public Organizations: A Value Conflict View," International Journal of Public Administration 2 (1980): 151-160.

Meyer , Change in Public Bureaucracies.

24 Warwick , A Theory of Public Bureaucracy.

²⁵ Ibid., p. 164.

Robert T. Golembiewski , "Organization Development in Public Agencies: Perspectives on Theory and Practice," Public Administration Review 29 (July/August 1969): 367-368.

and in Allen H. Barton , "A Diagnosis of Bureaucratic Maladies," in Carol Weiss and Allen H. Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980).

28 Meyer , Change in Public Bureaucracies, pp. 185ff.

29 Barton , "A Diagnosis of Bureaucratic Maladies": 30-31.

30 Cleary , "The Professional as Public Servant."

31 Neuse , "Diversity in the Public Service."

32 John A. Rohr , "Ethics for the Senior Executive Service," Administration and Society 12 (August 1980): 203-216.

33 Bruce Buchanan , "Government Managers, Business Executives, and Organizational Commitment," Public Administration Review 34 (July/August 1974): 339-347.

34 Clarence N. Stone and Robert P. Stokes , "Employee Alienation in Client-Serving Bureaucracies: Impact and Implications," a paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Political Science Association, New Haven, Connecticut, Nov. 20-22, 1980.

35 Neuse , "Diversity in the Public Service."

36 U.S. Office of Personnel Management , Federal Employee Attitudes (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).

37 Stephen Michelson , "The Working Bureaucrat and the Nonworking Bureaucracy," in Carol Weiss and Allen H. Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work.

38 Gary Chemiss , Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations (New York: Praeger, 1980).

³⁹ Ibid., pp. 100-103.

40 Larson , The Rise of Professionalism, pp. 178-207.

41 Barton , "A Diagnosis of Bureaucratic Maladies."

42 Bartol , "Professionalism as a Predictor of Organizational Commitment....