Bridging Traditional Wisdom with Modern Practices: Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Beekeeping in the Darjeeling Hills,Eastern Himalayas

Beekeeping in the Darjeeling Hills of West Bengal, India, presents a nexus of ecological, socio-economic, and cultural complexities. This study delves into the indigenous knowledge systems and practices of beekeepers in this region, juxtaposing them with modern scientific understanding to identify synergies and challenges. Through qualitative analysis, insights into beekeepers’ perspectives on beekeeping-related practices, challenges, and solutions were gleaned. Three main themes and 10 categories emerged from the thematic analysis of responses to semi-structured interviews of 22 indigenous beekeepers, highlighting traditional knowledge, issues faced in beekeeping, and solutions adapted by the beekeepers. The findings underscore beekeepers’ rich insights, which facilitate sustainable organic beekeeping practices with the indigenous Apis cerana and contribute to local livelihoods and ecosystem health. However, challenges such as bee losses, limited infrastructure, and inadequate government support persist, necessitating concerted efforts for policy reform and capacity building. Leveraging Darjeeling's global recognition, strategic marketing interventions could amplify beekeeping's economic potential. Collaboration among the beekeepers, government, non-government organizations, and researchers is essential for addressing these challenges and promoting sustainable outcomes. Despite the qualitative nature and limited sample size of this study, it highlights the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge into beekeeping management strategies. Future research should explore these dynamics quantitatively and prioritize the documentation and preservation of indigenous knowledge for long-term sustainable beekeeping in the Eastern Himalayas and beyond.