Energy Security and Canadian Energy Policy: Independent versus Collective Action

See, for example, David A. Deese , 'Energy: Economics, Politics, and Security ', International Security (Vol. 4, Winter 1979-80), p. 140. Joseph S. Nye , David A. Deese and Alvin L. Aim note that large price increases as well as supply interruptions can be security threats in 'Conclusion: A US Strategy for Energy Security', in David A. Deese and Joseph S. Nye (eds.), Energy and Security (Cambridge, Ma.: Ballinger , 1981), p. 412.

Michael Tucker. Canadian Foreign Policy: Contemporary Issues and Themes ( Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1980 ), p. 89.

Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 29th Parliament, Ist Session, 6 December 1973, pp. 8478-8484.

International Canada, (No. 4, October 1973 ), p. 252.

Financial Post (Toronto), 25 January, 1975.

Ted Greenwood , 'Canadian-American Trade in Energy Resources', in Annette Baker Fox , Alfred O. Hero , Jr. and Joseph S. Nye (eds.), Canada and the United States: Transnational and Transgovernmental Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 114-116.

Canada, Energy , Mines and Resources , An Energy Policy for Canada: Vol. I (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1973), pp. 120-124.

International Canada (No. 4, December 1973), pp. 335-336.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 9, 13 February 1974.

The International Energy Programme provided for an emergency oil-sharing system, long-term co-operation in reducing excessive dependence on oil, an information system on the international oil market, and co-operation with oil-producing and other consuming states. The key feature of the IEA, its emergency oil-sharing system, is a scheme in which IEA members deal with supply disruptions by cutting back their domestic consumption, drawing down emergency reserves, and sharing available supplies on a proportionate basis. For details of this system, see J.C. Woodlife , 'A New Dimension to International Co-operation: The OECD International Energy Agreement', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, (Vol. 24, July 1975), pp. 525-541: or Mason Willrich and Melvin A. Conant , 'The International Energy Agency: An Interpretation and Assessment', American Journal of International Law (Vol. 71, 1977), pp. 199-223.

Canada, House of Commons, Standing Committee on National Resources and Public Works. Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, 30th Parliament, 1st Session, Issue No. 4, 29 October 1974.

John McDougall , 'North American Interdependence and Canadian Fuel Policies', in Brian Tomlin (ed.), Canada's Foreign Policy: Analysis and Trends ( Toronto: Methuen, 1978), pp. 80-82; James Laxer , The Energy Poker Game (Toronto: New Press, 1970), pp. 44-45 and Larry Pratt , The Tar Sands: Syncrude and the Politics of Oil (Edmonton: Hurtig , 1976), p. 186.

Interview with Canadian government official.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 24 October 1973.

John Richards and Larry Pratt , Praire Capitalism: Power and Influence in the New West (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979), p. 227.

Interview with oi! industry official.

Z. Charles Slagorsky , Energy Use in Canada in Comparison with Other Countries (Calgary: Canadian Energy Research Institute, 1979), p. 21 and Canada, Energy, Mines and Resources, An Energy Strategy for Canada (Ottawa: Supply and Services, 1976), p. 19.

An Energy Strategy for Canada , op. cit, pp, 123-124.

Ibid, p. 12.

International Canada (No. 7, 1976), p. 28.

An Energy Strategy for Canada , op. cit, p. 143.

Canada, House of Commons , Debates, 30 January 1976, p. 10481.

James E. Gander and Fred W. Belaire, Energy Futures for Canadians (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada , 1978), p. 63.

An Energy Strategy for Canada , op. cit, p. 146.

Financial Post (Toronto) 17 February 1979; Financial Times ( London) 23 April 1979.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 16 February 1979; 10 March 1979.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 30 June 1979.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 26 September 1979; 3 October 1979.

Financial Post (Toronto) 26 January 1980.

Financial Post (Toronto) 2 February 1980.

International Canada (No. 21, 1980), p. 105.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 15 October 1980.

David Murray , 'Trading for Latin American Oil', International Perspectives (November/December 1980).

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 15 October 1980.

Financial Post (Toronto) 1 November 1980; Globe and Mail (Toronto ) 6 May 1981. 36. International Canada (No. 20, 1979 ), p. 7.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 14 March 1979; 27 April 1979.

Interview with oil industry official; Globe and Mail (Toronto) 15 February 1979 , 16 February 1979 and 27 February 1979, Financial Post (Toronto) 17 February 1979, 24 February 1979.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 10 May 1979, 28 December 1979 and 31 December 1979.

Interview with Venezuelan government official.

David G. Haglund , 'Canada and the International Politics of Oil: Latin American Source of Supply and Import Vulnerability in the 1980s', paper prepared for the Canadian Political Science Association, Halifax, 27 May 1981, p. 26.

Financial Post (Toronto) 16 February 1979, 28 April 1979; Globe and Mail (Toronto) 16 May 1979.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 27 June 1979.

Interview with Canadian government official; Globe and Mail (Toronto) 14 October 1980.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 15 February 1979; Financial Post ( Toronto) 17 February 1979, 1 November 1979 .

Canada , The National Energy Program: 1980 (Ottawa : Supply and Services Canada, 1980 ), pp. 88-89.

Globe and Mail (Toronto) 22 November 1980.

Larry Pratt , op. cit, p. 26.

Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 28 April 1980 .

Fen Hampson , 'Canadian Energy Security Policies', in David A. Deese and Joseph S. Nye , op. cit, pp. 144-145.

Edward L. Morse and Thomas Wallin , 'Demand Management and Economic Nationalism in the Coming Decade', in Robert J. Gordon and Jaques Pelkmans (eds.) Challenges to Interdependent Economies: The Industrial West in the Coming Decade (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 16.

Jacques Pelkmans , 'Economic Co-operation among Western Countries ', in Robert J. Gordon and Jacques Pelkmans , op. cit, p. 131.

Denis Stairs , 'Public opinion and external affairs: reflections on the domestication of Canadian foreign policy', International Journal (Vol. 33, Winter 1977-78), p. 149.