Maori and the Market: The Waitangi Tribunal

1 The 1995 demonstrations were sufficiently volatile for the government to decide on less than full participation for the following year. Between 1996 and 1999, neither the prime minister nor governor-general attended the ceremonies conducted in Waitangi on New Zealand’s national day.

2 C. Orange , The Treaty of Waitangi (Wellington, Allen and Unwin, 1987), p. 62-62.

3 D. Graham , ‘Addressing unfulfilled obligations’, The Press (October 1996), p. 13-13.

4 F. Buell , National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1990); R. Robertson, Social Theory and Global Culture (London, Sage Publications, 1992).

5 C. Archie , Maori Sovereignty: the Pakeha perspective (Auckland, Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers, 1995); I. H. Kawharu, ed., Waitangi: Maori and Pakeha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1989); C. Orange, op. cit.; H. Melbourne, ed., Maori Sovereignty: the Maori perspective (Auckland, Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers, 1995).

6 C. Orange, op. cit., p. 263.

7 Ibid., p. 265.

8 Quoted in R. J. Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi as the focus of Maori protest’, in I. H. Kawharu, op. cit., p. 264.

9 C. Orange, op. cit., p. 263.

10 Maori comprise roughly 11 per cent of the population of New Zealand and in many ways the effects of institutional racism on them resemble what happens to African-Americans in the United States. Extensive inequality between Maori and Pakeha has been documented in housing, health, educational attainment, employment patterns and income. Two significant differences from the US are the continued importance of land, physically and culturally, for Maori and the role of tradition-based social and political structures such as the marae.

11 K. Sinclair , Kinds of Peace: Maori people after the wars 1870–85 (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1991).

12 P. Spoonley , Racism and Ethnicity (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1993); R. J. Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi as the focus of Maori protest’, op. cit.

13 C. Orange, op. cit., p. 246.

14 W. H. Oliver , Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal (Wellington, Waitangi Tribunal Division, Department of Justice, 1991), p. 41-41.

15 In M. P. K. Sorrenson, ‘The role of the Waitangi Tribunal’, in I. H. Kawharu, op. cit., p. 162.

16 Ibid.

17 Sorrenson, op. cit., p. 172.

18 ‘Ngati Whatua buy Auckland rail yard’, Te Maori News (Vol. 4, no. 12, 1995), p. 3.

19 Oliver, op. cit., p. 26.

20 Ibid.

21 Te Maori News [language] (Vol. 5, no. 1, 1996a), p. 3.

22 Oliver, op. cit., p. 69.

23 J. Kelsey , ‘Aotearoa/New Zealand: the anatomy of a state in crisis’, in A. Sharp , ed., Leap in the Dark: the changing role of the state in New Zealand since 1984 (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1994), pp. 178–205; J. Kelsey, The New Zealand Experiment: a world model for structural adjustment? (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1995); M. O’Brien and C. Wilkes, The Tragedy of the Market (Palmerston North, Dunmore Press, 1993).

24 Oliver, op. cit., p. 31.

25 M. P. K. Sorrenson, op. cit., p. 176.

26 ‘The new net goes fishing’, Mana (No. 10, Spring 1995), p. 62-62.

27 ‘Kiwifruit single desk confronts iwi fruit Treaty challenge’, The Orchardist (September 1995), pp. 8–9.

28 ‘Kiwifruit marketing report 1995’, Waitangi Tribunal Report (Wellington, WAI 449, 1995), pp. 1–37.

29 Ibid., p. 1.

30 Quoted in J. Kelsey, op. cit., p. 322.

31 K. Smith , ‘The Treaty and the estate’, Forest and Bird (February 1994), pp. 15–16. M. Stone, ‘Island in the gun (two parts)’, Mana (Vol. 7–8, November–January and February–April 1994–5), pp. 27–30 and 69–73.

32 Te Maori News [fishing] (Vol. 5, no. 1, 1996b), p. 9.

33 S. T. O’Reagan, ‘The Ngai Tahu claim’, in I. H. Kawharu, op. cit., pp. 234–68.

34 H. Levine and M. Henare , ‘Mana Maori motuhake: Maori self-determination’, Pacific Viewpoint (Vol. 35, no. 2, 1994), pp. 193–210.

35 E. I. Daes, ‘Report on visit to New Zealand, January 2–7, 1988’, unpublished paper, p. 11.

36 Maori Congress (Te Whakakotahitanga O Nga Iwi O Aotearoa), ‘Tino Rangatiratanga–Maori self-determination’ (discussion paper, 1995).

37 M. H. Durie , ‘Beyond 1852: Maori, the state, and a New Zealand constitution’, Sites (no. 30, Autumn 1995), p. 36-36.

38 A. Yeatman , ‘State and community’, in A. Sharp , ed., Leap in the Dark: the changing role of the state in New Zealand since 1984 (Auckland, Auckland University Press, 1994), pp. 206–224.