Continental European and Anglo-American jurisdictions differ with regard to criminal justice and community responses to sex offenders on an exclusion–inclusion spectrum ranging from community protection measures on one end to therapeutic programs in the middle and restorative justice measures on the other end. In the United States, populist pressure has resulted in a community protection approach exemplified by sex offender registration, community notification, and civil commitment of violent sexual predators. Although the United Kingdom and Canada have followed, albeit more cautiously, the American trend to adopt exclusionist community protection measures, these countries have significant community-based restorative justice initiatives, such as Circles of Support and Accountability. Although sex offender crises have recently occurred in continental Europe, a long-standing tradition of the medicalization of deviance, along with the existence of social structural buffers against the influence of victim-driven populist penal movements, has thus far limited the spread of formal community protection responses.
Albrecht, H.-J. (2004). Security gaps: Responding to dangerous offenders in the Federal Republic of Germany. Federal Sentencing Reporter , 16(3), 200-207.
2.
Alexander, S., Meuwese, S., & Wolthuis, A. (2000). Policies and developments relating to the sexual exploitation of children: The legacy of the Stockholm conference. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 479-501.
3.
Ancel, M. (1965). Social defence: A modern approach to criminal problems. New York: Schocken.
4.
Anderson, D.C. (1995). Crime and the politics of hysteria: How the Willie Horton story changed American justice. New York: Random House.
5.
Austen, J. (2006). How much risk can we take? The misuse of risk assessment in corrections. Federal Probation, 70(2), 58-63.
6.
Beck, U. (1992). The risk society: Towards a new modernity. London, Sage.
7.
Beck, U. (1997). The reinvention of politics: Rethinking modernity in the global social order. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
8.
Beck, U. (1999). World risk society. Cambridge , UK: Polity Press.
9.
Beckett, K. (1999). Making crime pay. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10.
Bell, V. (2002). The vigilant(e) parent and the pedophile. Feminist Theory, 3(1), 83-102.
11.
Berlin, F.S. (2005). Comment: The impact of surgical castration on recidivism risk among civilly committed sexual offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 33(1), 37-41.
12.
Berlin to tighten measures against dangerous criminals. (2004, November 3). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1138432,00.html
13.
Best, J. (1990). Threatened children: The rhetoric of child victims . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
Blumstein, A., & Wallman, J. (Eds.). (2000). The crime drop in America . New York: Cambridge University Press.
15.
Boerner, D. (1992). Confronting violence in the word and in the deed . University of Puget Sound Law Review, 15, 525-527.
16.
Bonger, A. (2003, September 9). Embracing the lowest of the low. The Hamilton Spectator, p. A04.
17.
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
18.
Buruma, Y. (2004). Risk assessment and criminal law: Closing the gap between criminal law and criminology. In G. Bruinsma, H. Elffers, & J. de Keijser (Eds.), Punishment, places and perpetrators: Developments in criminology and criminal justice research (pp. 41-61). Portland, OR: Willan.
19.
Butler, E.W., Fukurai, H., Dimitrius, J.-E., & Krooth, R. (2001). Anatomy of the McMartin child molestation case . Lanham, MA: University Press of America.
20.
Cayley, D. (2001). The scapegoat: Rene Girard's anthropology of religion and violence. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CBC Ideas Transcripts.
21.
Collignon, T., & Van der Made, R. (1943). La Loi Belge de la Defense Sociale a l'Egard des Anormeaux et des Delinquants d'Habitudes. Brussels, Belgium: De Boeck & Larcier S. A.
22.
Cook, T. (2004, November 16). Three compensated in bogus abuse case. $925,000 to Martensville accused. Ritualistic child sex ring was alleged . Toronto Star, p. A4.
23.
Correctional Service of Canada. (n.d.). Circles of support and accountability evaluation report. Ottawa , Ontario, Canada: Correctional Service of Canada, National Headquarters.
24.
Cullen, F.T., Fisher, B.S., & Applegate, B.K. (2000). Public opinion about punishment and corrections. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of the research (Vol. 27, pp. 1-81). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25.
Derks, F. (1993). Treatment and security: The dual nature of forensic psychiatry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 16, 217-240.
26.
Deutsche Bundestag. (n.d.). Petitionsausschluss [About submission of petitions]. Retrieved September 24, 2007 , from http://itc.napier.ac.uk/e-Petition/bundestag/
27.
Donzelot, J. (1991). The mobilization of society. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 209-212). Hemel Hempstead , UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
28.
Dowdney, M. (2004, June 18). Guilty at last: The monster of Charleroi; Dutroux raped and murdered young girls. The Mirror, p. 21.
29.
Dyke, D. (n.d.). Circles of support and accountability: The need to make room for more victim/survivor input. Retrieved September 16, 2007 , from http://www.voma.org/docs/dyck.pdf
30.
Eberle, P., & Eberle, S. (1993). The abuse of innocence: The McMartin preschool trial. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books .
31.
Erikson, K.T. (1966). Wayward Puritans-A study in the sociology of deviance . New York: Wiley.
32.
Evans, J. (2003). Vigilance and vigilantes: Thinking psychoanalytically about anti-paedophile action. Theoretical Criminology, 7(2), 163-190.
33.
Federal Ministry of Justice. (2007). § 66 Unterbringung in der Sicherungsverwahrung [Compulsory hospitalization within preventative detention]. Retrieved September 19, 2007 , from http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/stgb/__66.html
34.
Feeley, M. (2004). Actuarial justice and the modern state. In G. Bruinsma, H. Elffers, & J. de Keijser (Eds.), Punishment, places and perpetrators (pp. 62-77). Portland, OR: Willan.
35.
Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30, 449-474.
36.
Ford, P. (2007, May 8). Indefinite jail terms forecast to treble in the next five years. The Times. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1760206.ece
37.
Foucault, M. (1978, January). About the concept of the "dangerous individual" in 19th century legal psychiatry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1, 1-18.
Frenken, J. (1999). Sexual offender treatment in Europe: An impression of cross-cultural differences. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11(1), 87-93.
40.
Funk, P. (2004). On the effective use of stigma as a crime-deterrent . European Economic Review, 48(4), 715-728.
41.
Furedi, F. (1997). Culture of fear: Risk-taking and the morality of low expectation. Washington, DC: Cassell.
42.
Garland, D. (2000). The culture of high crime societies: Some preconditions of recent law and order policies. British Journal of Criminology , 40, 347-375.
43.
Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
44.
Gaubatz, K. (1995). Crime in the public mind. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
45.
Girling, E. (2006). European identity, penal sensibilities and communities of sentiment. In S. Armstrong and M. McAra (Eds.), Perspectives on punishment (pp. 69-82). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
46.
Goode, E. (2001). Deviant behaviour (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47.
Goodenough, A. (2005, May 1). After two cases in Florida, crackdown on molesters. New York Times. Available from http://www.nytimes.com
48.
Hannem, S., & Petrunik, M. (2004, December). Canada's circles of support and accountability: A community justice initiative for high-risk sex offenders. Corrections Today, pp. 98-101.
49.
Hannem, S., & Petrunik, M. (2007). Circles of support and accountability: A criminal justice initiative for high-risk sex offenders. Contemporary Justice Review, 10(2), 153-171.
50.
Hansall, J., & Damour, L. (2005). Abnormal psychology. New York : John Wiley.
51.
Hansen, H., & Lykke, O. (1997). Treatment of dangerous sexual offenders in Denmark . Journal of Forensic Psychology, 8, 195-199.
52.
Hanson, R.K. (2003). Who is dangerous and when are they safe? Risk assessment with sexual offenders. In B. Winick & J. Lafond (Eds.), Protecting society from sexually dangerous offenders: Law, justice, and therapy (pp. 101-117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
53.
Hanson, R.K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2004). Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis (Report No. 2004-02). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Works and Government Services Canada.
54.
Harrison, K. (2007). The high risk offender strategy in England and Wales: Is chemical castration an option? The Howard Journal , 46(1), 16-31.
55.
Heim, N., & Hirsch, C.J. (1979) Castration for sex offenders: Treatment or punishment? A review and critique of recentEuropean literature. Journal Archives of Sexual Behavior, 8, 281-304.
56.
Herbert, I. (2005, March 23). Vigilante violence: Death by gossip . The Independent. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article7584.ece
57.
Hilpern, K. (1997, February 19). Child protection: The law and the lynch mob. The Guardian, p. 22.
58.
Himmelfarb, G. (2004). The roads to modernity: The British, French and American enlightenments. New York: Knopf.
59.
Hodgson, J., & Kelley, D. (Eds.). (2002). Sexual violence: Policies, practices, and challenges in the United States and Canada. Westport, CT: Praeger.
60.
Holloway, W., & Jefferson, T. (2003). The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating fear of crime. In E. McLaughlin, J. Muncie, & D. Hughes (Eds.), Criminological perspectives: Essential readings (2nd ed., pp. 571-578). Thousand Oaks : Sage.
61.
Hood, L. (2001). A city possessed: The Christchurch Creche case . Duneden, NZ: Longacre Press.
62.
Horn, D. (2003). The criminal body: Lombroso and the anatomy of deviance. New York: Routledge.
63.
Interpol. (2007). Sexual offences laws-Germany. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaGermany.asp
64.
Jenkins, P. (1998). Moral panic: Changing concepts of the child molester in modern America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
65.
Jenkins, P. (2001). How Europe discovered its sex offender crisis . in J. Best (Ed.), How claims spread: Cross-national diffusion of social problems (pp. 147-167). New York: De Gruyter.
66.
Karstedt, S. (2001). Comparing cultures, comparing crime: Challenges, prospects and problems for a global criminology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 36, 285-308.
67.
Karstedt, S. (2002). Emotions and criminal justice. Theoretical Criminology, 6(3), 299-317.
68.
Karstedt, S. (2006). Emotions, crime and justice: Exploring Durkheimian themes. In M. Deflem (Ed.), Sociological theory and criminological research: Views from Europe and the United States (pp. 223-248). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
69.
Kastner, J. (1996). Hunting Bobby Oatway. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CBC Television.
70.
Killias, M., Aebi, M., & Ribaud, D. (2000). Learning through controlled experiments: Community service and heroin prescription in Switzerland. Crime & Delinquency, 46(2), 233-251.
71.
Kincaid, J.R. (1998). Erotic innocence: The culture of child molesting . Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
72.
Kinzig, J. (1997). Die Praxis der Sicherungsverwahrung. Ergebnisse eines empirischen Forschungsvorhabens [The practice of preventative detention. Results of an empirical research project]. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft, 109, 122-164.
73.
Krebber, W. (1999). Sexualstraftäter im Zerrbild der Öffentlichkeit [Sexual offenders in the distorted view of the public]. Hamburg, Germany: Konkret Literatur Verlag.
74.
Krebber, W. (2001, February 19). Wegsperren oder Therapien? [Lock them up or give them therapy?] Morgenwelt. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.morgenwelt.de/wissenschaft/010219-sexualstraftaeter.htm
75.
Lafond, J.Q., & Winick, B. (2004). Sex offender re-entry courts: A proposal for managing the risk of returning sex offenders to the community. Seton Hall Law Review, 34(4), 1173-1212.
76.
Langevin, R., Curnoe, S., Fedoroff, P., Bennett, R., Langevin, M., Peever, C., et al. (2004). Lifetime sex offender recidivism: A 25-year follow-up study. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice46(5), 531-552.
77.
Langton, C.L., Barbaree, H.E., Hansen, K.T., Harkins, L., & Peacock, E.J. (2007). Reliability and stability of the Static-2002 among adult sexual offenders with reference to treatment status. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(5), 616-640.
Levenson, J.S., & Cotter, L.P. (2005). The impact of sex offender residence restrictions: 1,000 feet from danger or one step from absurd?International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(2), 168-178.
80.
Lianos, M., & Douglas, M. (2000). Dangerization and the end of deviance. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 261-278.
81.
Lieb, R. (2000). Social policy and sexual offenders: Contrasting United States' andEuropean policies. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 423-440.
82.
Listwan, S.J., Cullen, F., & Latessa, E. (2006). How to prevent prisoner re-entry programs from failing: Insights from evidence-based corrections. Federal Probation, 70(3), 19-25.
83.
Looman, J., Abracen, J., Serin, R., Marquis, P. (2005). Psychopathy, treatment change, and recidivism in high-risk, high need sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(5), 549-568.
84.
Lösel, F. (1996). Effective correctional programming: What empirical research tells us and what it doesn't. Forum on Corrections Research, 8, 3-37.
85.
Lösel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005). The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology , 1, 117-146.
86.
Madison Area Urban Ministries. (n.d.). Prisoner re-entry work. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://www.emum.org/WhatWeDo/PrisonerReEntry.cfm
87.
Males, M. (1999). Framing youth: Ten myths about the next generation . Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press .
88.
Maletzky, B. (1998). The paraphilias: Research and treatment. In P. Nathan & J. Gorman (Eds.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 472-500). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
89.
Matravers, A. (2003). Setting some boundaries: Rethinking responses to sex offenders. In A. Matravers (Ed.), Sex offenders in the community: Managing and reducing the risk (pp. 1-29). Cullompton, UK: Willan.
90.
McAlinden, A.-M. (2007). The shaming of sexual offenders: Risk, retribution and reintegration. Portland, OR: Hart.
91.
McWhinnie, A., & Wilson, R. (2005). Courageous communities: Circles of support and accountability with individuals who have committed sexual offenses. Bethlehem, PA: International Institute for Restorative Practices. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.realjustice.org/library/cosa.html
92.
Meyer, W.J., & Cole, C.M. (1997). Physical and chemical castration of sex offenders . A Review Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 25, 1-18.
93.
Miller, J. (1996). Search and destroy: African-American males in the criminal justice system. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
94.
Motiuk, L., & Belcourt, R. (1996). Profiling the Canadian federal sex offender population . Forum on Corrections Research, 8, 1-8.
95.
Netherland Prison Service. (n.d.). Detention at the government's pleasure: Treatment of criminal psychopaths in the Netherlands . The Hague, Netherlands: Central Recruitment and Training Service and the Care of Criminal Psychopaths Service .
96.
Newburn, T., & Sparks, R. (Eds.). (2004). Criminal justice and political cultures: National and international dimensions of crime control. Cullompton, UK: Willan.
97.
Oberwittler, D., & Höfer, S. (2005). Crime and justice in Germany: An analysis of recent trends and research. European Journal of Criminology, 2(4), 465-508.
98.
Office of Public Order Information. (1998). Crime and Disorder Act. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980037.htm
99.
Ofshe, R., & Watters, E. (1994). Making monsters: False memories: Psychotherapy and sexual hysteria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100.
O'Malley, P. (2004). Globalizing risk? Distinguishing styles of "neoliberal" criminal justice in Australia and the U.S. In T. Newburn & R. Sparks (Eds.), Criminal justice and political cultures: National and international dimensions of crime control (pp. 30-48). Cullompton, UK: Willan.
101.
Pakes, F. (2004). The politics of discontent: The emergence of a new criminal justice discourse in the Netherlands. Howard Review of Criminal Justice, 43, 267-283.
102.
Perry, B. (1999). Social rage: Emotion and cultural conflict. New York: Garland.
103.
Petrunik, M. (1994). Models of dangerousness: A cross-jurisdictional review of dangerousness legislation and practice. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Solicitor General of Canada.
104.
Petrunik, M. (2002). Managing unacceptable risk: Sex offenders, community response and social policy in the United States and Canada. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46(4), 483-511.
105.
Petrunik, M. (2003). The hare and the tortoise: Dangerousness and sex offender policy in the United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 45(1), 43-72.
106.
Petrunik, M. (2005). Dangerousness and its discontents: A discourse on the socio-politics of dangerousness. In S. Burns (Ed.), Ethnographies of social control: Sociology of crime, law, and deviance (Vol. 6, pp. 49-74). New York: Elsevier/JAI.
107.
Petrunik, M. (2007). Circles of support and accountability: Tensions between faith-based and rational- utilitarian responses to moral panic over high-risk sex offenders. International Journal of Restorative Justice, 3(1), 66-89.
108.
Petrunik, M., & Weisman, R. (2005). Constructing Joseph Fredericks: Competing narratives of a child sex murderer. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 75-96.
109.
Pfäfflin, F. (1999). Issues, incidence, and treatment of sexual offenders in Germany. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(4), 372-395.
110.
Pfäfflin, F., & Eher, R. (2003). So what to do with sex offenders [Guest editorial] . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(4), 361-365.
111.
Pickering, M. (2001). Stereotyping: The politics of representation. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave.
112.
Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. (2001). Public fear of crime and perceptions of the criminal justice system. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca/publications/corrections/20011l_e.asp
113.
Rice, M.E., & Harris, G.T. (2006). What population and what question? Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48(1), 95-101.
114.
Roach, K. (1999). Due process and victims rights: The new law and politics of victims rights. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
115.
Roberts, J.V., Stalans, L.J., Indermaur, D., & Hough, M. (2003). Penal populism and public opinion: Lessons from five countries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
116.
Ross, R. (2003, February 12). The Martensville satanic sex scandal . CBC Fifth Estate. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.rickross.com/reference/satanism/satanism89.html
117.
Ruddijs, F., & Timmerman, H. (2000). The Stichting Ambulante Preventie Projecten method: A comparative study of recidivism in first offenders in a Dutch outpatient setting. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(6), 725-739.
118.
Russell, S. (1997). Comment, castration of repeat sex offenders: An international comparative analysis. Houston Journal of International Law, 19, 425-429.
119.
Sage, A. (2007, August 20). Prison doctor prescribed Viagra, French pedophile tells investigators. The Ottawa Citizen, p. A6.
120.
Sansone, J. (1976). Sentencing, corrections and special treatment services in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. Hartford, CT: Hartford Institute of Criminal and Social Justice .
121.
Scheingold, S., Pershing, J., & Olson, T. (1994). Sexual violence, victim advocacy and republican criminology: Washington State's Community Protection Act. Criminology, Law and Society Review, 28(4), 729-763.
122.
Scott, S., Jackson, S., & Backett-Milburn, K. (1998). Swings and roundabouts: Risk anxiety and the everyday worlds of children. Sociology , 32(4), 689-705.
123.
Scottish Parliament. (2005, August 31). German Bundestag takes lead from Scottish Parliament's Petitions Committee . Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/nmCentre/news/news-comm-05/cpet05-003.htm
124.
Shepard, B. (2007). Sex panic and the welfare state. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 34(1), 155-171.
125.
Stürup, G.K. (1968). Treatment of sexual offenders in Herstedvester, Denmark: The rapists. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 44(Supp. 204), 5-63.
126.
Taylor, I. (1998). Crime, market liberalism and the European idea . In V. Ruggiero, N. South, & I. Taylor (Eds.), The new European criminology: Crime and social order in Europe (pp. 19-36). New York: Routledge.
127.
Thorpe, J. (2000). Child abuse, the family and society. Socialism Today, 50. Retrieved September 16, 2007, from http://www.socialismtoday.org/50/child_abuse.html
128.
Tonry, M. (1995). Malign neglect: Race, crime and punishment in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
129.
Tonry, M. (2001). Penal developments in English-speaking countries . In M. Tonry (Ed.), Penal reform in overcrowded times (pp. 207-208). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
130.
Tonry, M. (2004). Criminology and criminal justice in Europe. In G. Bruinsma, H. Elffers, & J. de Keijser (Eds.), Punishment, places and perpetrators (pp. 21-37). Portland, OR: Willan.
131.
Tulkens, F., & Digneffe, F. (1979, May). La notion de la dangeroisite dans la politique criminelle en Europe Occidentale [The notion of dangerousness in criminal justice policy in Western Europe]. Paper presented to international colloquium in honor of the 50th anniversary of the School of Criminology, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
132.
van Zyl Smit, D., & van der Spuy, E. (2004). Importing criminological ideas in a new democracy: Recent South African experiences. In T. Newburn & R. Sparks (Eds.), Criminal justice and political cultures: National and international dimensions of crime control (pp. 184-208). Cullompton, UK: Willan.
133.
Victor, J.S. (1993). The satanic panic: Creation of a contemporary legend. Chicago: Open Court Book s.
134.
Walmsley, R. (2003). Global incarceration and prison trends. Forum on Crime and Society, 3, 65-78.
135.
Walsh, J. (1996). The terror and the pity: Belgium erupts in fury (Marc Dutroux). Time International, 148(11), 2.
136.
Webster, C.M., & Doob, A. (2006). Countering punitiveness: Understanding stability in Canada's imprisonment rate. Law and Society Review, 40(2), 325-367.
137.
Webster, C.M., Gartner, R., & Doob, A. (2006). Results by design: The artefactual construction of high recidivism rates for sex offenders. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48(1), 79-93.
138.
Weigend, T. (2001). Sentencing and punishment in Germany. In M. Tonry & R. S. Frase (Eds.), Sentencing and sanctions in Western Countries (pp. 188-221). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
139.
Weihe, H.-J.W. (1988). Sexual offenses in Norway and the Need for treatment programs for sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 32(2), 135-141.
140.
West, D.J. (2000). The sex crime situation: Deterioration more apparent than real? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research , 8, 399-422.
141.
Whitman, J.Q. (2003). Harsh justice: Criminal punishment and the widening divide between America and Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
142.
Wikipedia. (2007). Sicherungsverwahrung [Preventative detention]. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherungsverwahrung
143.
Wille, R., & Beier, K.M. (1989). Castration in Germany. Annals of Sex Research, 2(2), 103-179.
144.
Wilson, R. (2007). Out in the open. Community Care , 1669, 36-37.
145.
Wilson, R., Cortoni, F., & Vermani, M. (2007). Circles of support and accountability: A national replication of outcome findings (Report No. R-185). Ottawa , Ontario, Canada: Correctional Services Canada.
146.
Wilson, R., Picheca, J., & Prinzo, M. (2005). Circles of support and accountability: An evaluation of the pilot project in south-central Ontario (Report No. R-168). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Correctional Services.
147.
Wilson, R., & Prinzo, M. (2001). Circles of support: A restorative justice initiative . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 7(2), 145-155.
148.
Wnuk, D. (2006). Development and refinement of a measure of attitudes toward sex offender treatment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , 43(3), 35-47.
149.
Zamble, E., & Kalm, K. (1990). General and specific measures of public attitudes toward sentencing. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , 22, 327-337.
