This study aims to examine the factors that channel boys and girls toward committing illegal activity. The measures examined include social control factors (belief, commitment, attachment, and involvement) and ideological religious worldviews. The study examines 262 Israeli adolescents who have taken part in illegal and legal activities during the resistance to the Gaza evacuation. Findings suggest that illegal activity levels are greater among boys than girls, whereas ideological obligation and commitment are greater among girls than boys. Involvement with friends positively predicts ideological obligation among boys, which in turn is related to increased likelihood of illegal activity. Among girls, lower commitment and lower belief as well as greater ideological obligation are predictive of illegal activity.
Archer, S.L. ( 1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process, domain, and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117-138.
2.
Bahr, S.J., Hawks, R.D., & Wang, G. ( 1993). Family and religious influences on adolescent substance abuse. Youth & Society, 24, 443-465.
3.
Benda, B.B. ( 1995). The effect on adolescent delinquency revision. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 446-466.
4.
Benda, B.B. ( 1997). An examination of a reciprocal relationship between religiosity and different forms of delinquency within a theoretical model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 163-186.
5.
Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. ( 2004). Women offenders and the gendered effects of public policy . Review of Policy Research, 21, 31-48.
6.
Burkett, S.R. ( 1993). Perceived parents’ religiosity, friends’ drinking and hellfire: A panel study of adolescent drinking. Review of Religious Research, 35, 136-154.
7.
Burkett, S.R., & Warren, B.O. ( 1987). Religiosity, peer associations and marijuana use: A panel study of underlying causal structures. Criminology, 25, 109-131.
8.
Chapple, C.L., McQuillan, J.A., & Berdahi, T.A. ( 2005). Gender, social bonds, and delinquency: A comparison of boys and girls models. Social Science Research, 34, 357-384.
9.
Chernoff, N.W., & Simon, R.J. ( 2000). Women and crime the world over. Gender Issues18, 5-20.
10.
Cochran, J.K., Wood, P.B., & Arneklev, B.J. (1994). Is the religiosity delinquency relationship spurious? A test of arousal and social control theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 92-123.
11.
Constantelos, D.J. ( 2004). Altruistic suicide or altruistic martyrdom? Christian Greek orthodox neo martyrs: A case study. Archives of Suicide Research, 8, 57-71.
12.
Corbett, C. ( 2007). Vehicle-related crime and the gender gap. Psychology, Crime and Law, 13, 254-263.
13.
Costello, B.J., & Vowell, P.R. ( 1999). Testing control theory and differential association: A reanalysis of the Richmond youth project data. Criminology , 37, 815-843.
14.
Daly, K. ( 1994). Gender, crime and punishment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15.
Datesman, S.K., & Scarpitti, F.R. (1975). Female delinquency and broken homes: A reassessment. Criminology, 13, 33-55.
16.
Donahue, M.J. ( 1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400-419.
17.
D’Unger, A.V., Land, K.C., & McCall, P.L. (2002). Sex differences in age patterns of delinquent/ criminal careers: Results from Poisson latent class analyses of the Philadelphia cohort study. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 349-376.
18.
Elifson, K.W., Petersen, D.M., & Hadaway, C.K. ( 1983). Religiosity and delinquency: A contextual analysis. Criminology, 21, 505-527.
19.
Evans, T.D., Cullen, F.T., Danaway, G.R., & Burton, V.S. ( 1995). Religion and crime reexamined: The impact of religion, secular controls and social ecology on adult criminality. Criminology, 33, 195-224.
20.
Fagan, J., & Pabon, E. ( 1990). Contributions of delinquency and substance use to school dropout among inner-city youth. Youth & Society, 21, 306-354.
21.
Gilligan, C. ( 1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University press.
22.
Goossens, L. ( 2001). Global versus domain-specific statuses in identity research: A comparison of two self-report measures. Journal of Adolescence , 24, 681-699.
23.
Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. ( 1995). National crime control policies. Society , 32, 30-37.
24.
Gurr, R. (Ed.). (1980). Handbook of political violence. New York: Free Press.
25.
Harrison, P.M., & Beck, A.J. ( 2003). Prisoners in 2002. Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
26.
Haynie, D.L., Steffensmeier, D., & Bell, K.E. ( 2007). Gender and serious violence: Untangling the role of friendship sex composition and peer violence. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5, 235-253.
27.
Heidensohn, F.M. ( 1995). Women and crime (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press .
28.
Hirschi, T. ( 1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
29.
Islam-Zwart, K.A., & Vik, P.W. ( 2004). Female adjustment to incarceration as influenced by sexual assault history. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 521- 541.
30.
Israeli, R. ( 2004). Palestinian women: The quest for a voice in the public square through "Islamikaze Martyrdom." Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 66-96.
31.
Johanson, B.R., De Li, S., & McCullough, M.E. (2000). Religion and delinquency: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16, 32-52.
32.
Johanson, B.R., Joon Jang, S., Larson, D.B., & De Li, S. ( 2001). Does adolescent religious commitment matter? A re-examination of the effects of religiosity on delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 22-44.
33.
Kaplan H.B. ( 1995). Drugs, crime and other deviant adaptations. New York: Plenum.
34.
Kimhi, S., & Even, S. ( 2004). Who are the Palestinian suicide bombers? Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 815-840.
35.
Komarovskaya, I., Loper, A.B., & Warren, J. ( 2007). The role of impulsivity in antisocial and violent behavior and personality disorders among incarcerated women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1499-1515.
36.
Kraft, S.M., & Pianta, R.C. ( 2000). Enhancing the transition to kindergarten: Linking children, families and school. Washington, DC: Nationalist.
37.
McCord, J. ( 1991). The cycle of crime and socialization processes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 211-228.
38.
Mears, D.P., Ploeger, M., & Warr, M. ( 1998). Explaining the gender gap in delinquency: Peer influence and moral evaluations of behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 251-267.
39.
Meier, R.F. ( 1982). Perspectives on the concept of social control. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 35-55.
40.
Milevsky, A., & Levitt, M.J. ( 2004). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity in preadolescence and adolescences: Effects on psychological adjustment. Mental Health Religion and Culture, 7, 307-321.
41.
Morash, M., & Schram, P. ( 2002). The prison experience. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
42.
Morton, J. ( 2003). Working with women offenders. EastPeoria, IL: Versa Press.
43.
Nagel, I.H., & Johnson, B.L. ( 1994). The role of gender in a structured sentencing system: Equal treatment, policy choices, and the sentencing of female offenders under the United States sentencing guidelines. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 85, 181.
44.
Ness, C.D. ( 2005). In the name of the cause: Women’s work in secular and religious terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 28, 353-373.
45.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. ( 1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
46.
Piquero, N.L., Gover, A.R., MacDonald, J.M., & Piquero, A.R. ( 2005). The influence of delinquent peers on delinquency: Does gender matter? Youth & Society, 36, 251-275.
47.
Pollock, J. ( 2002). Women, prison, and crime. Ontario, CanadaWadsworth Publishing.
48.
Post, J.M. ( 2000). Terrorist on trial: The context of political crime. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 171-178.
49.
Rankin, J.H., & Kern, R. ( 1994). Parental attachments and delinquency. Criminology, 32, 495-515.
50.
Reid, J.B., Patterson, G.R., & Snyder, J. ( 2002). Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
51.
Roberts, A. ( 2002). Comparative analysis of battered women in the community with battered women in prison for killing their intimate partners. In A. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of domestic violence intervention strategies: Polices, programs and legal remedies (pp. 49-63). New York: Oxford University Press.
52.
Schweitzer, Y. ( 2006). Palestinian female suicide bombers: Reality vs. myth . In Y. Schweitzer (Ed.), Female suicide bombers: Dying for equality? (pp. 25-43). Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University.
53.
Shechory, M., & Laufer, A. ( 2008). Social control theory and the connection with ideological offenders among Israeli youth during the Gaza Disengagement period. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 454-473.
54.
Simon, R.J., & Ahn-Redding, H. (2005). The crimes women commit: The punishments they receive. New York: Lexington Books.
55.
Small, K. ( 2000). Female crime in the United States, 1963-1998: An update . Gender Issues, 18, 75-90.
56.
Solomon, Z., & Laufer, A. ( 2004). In the shadow of terror: Changes in world assumptions in Israeli youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 9, 353-364.
57.
Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. ( 1996). Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459-488.
58.
Susskind, L., Levine, H., Aran, G., Kaniel, S., Seleg, Y., & Halbertal, M. ( 2005). Religious and ideological dimensions of the Israeli settlements issue: Reframing the narrative? Negotiation Journal, 21, 177-191.
59.
Sutherland, E.H. ( 1955). Principles of criminology. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott.
60.
Tzoreff, M. ( 2006). The Palestinian Shahida: National patriotism, Islamic feminism, or social crisis. In Y. Schweitzer (Ed.), Female suicide bombers: Dying for equality? (pp. 13-25). Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University.
61.
Verona, E., & Carbonell, J.L. (2000). Female violence and personality: Evidence for a pattern of over controlled hostility among one-time violent female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 176-195.
62.
Victor, B. ( 2003). Army of roses: Inside the world of Palestinian women suicide bombers. Emmaus, PA: Rodale .
63.
Warr, M. ( 1993). Parents, peers, and delinquency. Social Forces, 72, 247-264.
64.
Weerman, F.M., & Smeenk, W. ( 2005). Peer similarity in delinquency for different types of friends: A comparison using two measurement methods. Criminology , 43, 101-125.
65.
Wells, L.E., & Rankin, J.H. ( 1986). Self concept as a mediating factor in delinquency. Social Psychological Quarterly, 46, 11-22.
66.
Wiatrowski, M.D., Griswold, D.B., & Roberts, M.K. ( 1981). Social control theory. American Sociological Review, 46, 525-542.
67.
Zabriskie, R.E., & McCormick, B.P. (2003). Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life. Journal of Leisure and Research, 35, 163-189.
