Recidivism in Scandinavia

Nils Christie , Johannes Andenaes and Sigurd Skirbekk. A Study of Self-reported Crime in: Scandinavian Studies in Crimonology, Vol. I (1965), p. 86, Universitets forlaget, Oslo, 1965 .

Kerstin Elmhorn. A Study in Self-Reported Delinquency among School-children in Stockholm , p. 117, Universitetsforlaget , Oslo, 1965 .

Hans von Hentig. Die Strafe (Punishment, p. 193, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart, 1932.

Knut Sveri. Persistenta Brottslingar (Habitual Offenders, pp. 30-31, Kriminalvetenskapliga Institutet vid Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm 1964 (mimeographed).

Karl O. Christiansen and Pal. Det mandlige recidiv i Danmark I933-60 (Male Recidivism in Denmark I933-60, in: Nordisk Tidskrift for Kriminalvidenskab (Scandinavian Journal of Criminology), 1965 , p. 29 ff., pp. 36-37.

Knut Sveri and Waerner. Kassaskapsinbrott och Vaneförbrytare (Safecrakers and Habitual Criminals, pp. 5-6, Kriminalvetenskapliga Institutet vid Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm 1963 (mimeographed).

Knut Sveri. Persistenta Brottslingar (Habitual Offenders, Kriminalvetenskapliga Institutet vid Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm 1964 (mimeographed).

Nils Christie. Unge Norske Lovovertredere (Young Norwegian Offenders, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1960 .

Kare Bödal. Arbeidsskolen og dens Behandlingsresultater (Results of Training Schools , Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1962 .

Idar Möglestue. Kriminalitet og Sosial Bakgrunn (Criminality and Social Background , pp. 117-118, Samfunnsökonomiske studier nr. II, Statistisk Sentralbyra , Oslo, 1962.

Rolf Kinberg , Gunner Inghe and Torgny Lindberg . Kriminalitet och Alkoholmissbruk (Criminality and Alcoholism, p. 17, Institutet för Maltdrycksforskning, Stockholm ' 1957.

Karl-Erik Törnquist. Svara Aterfallsbrottslingar (Serious Recividists , chapter I8 and pp. 174-175, F. A. Norstedt and Söners Forlag , Stockholm, 1966.

Bödal op. cit. p. 109, Kinberg et al. p. 139, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1962 .

Franz Exner. Kriminologie (Criminology, 3rd edition, p. 266, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1949.

These figures relate to those repeaters apprehended in that given year; later statistics, however, include all repeaters; according to the latter method the rate of recidivists is slightly lower (40 per cent in I957, 45 per cent in I965). Reference (4) describes Danish conditions.

Exner op. cit. p. 106.

Many drunken drivers with short prison sentences are, however, not included in these figures.

Kriminalstatistikk (Criminal Statistics, 1935 and 1936, Table 7. Statistisk Sentralbyra , Oslo.

Skyddslag. Strafflagberedningens slutbettränkande (Final Evaluation of the Draft Penal Code in: Statens Offentliga Utredningar 1956, 55, p. 87, Stockholm.

Preben Wolf in NTfK (Northern Journal of Criminology) , 1960, p. 314 and 1961, p. 49

, Tilbakefallsstatistik (Statistics of Recidivism, 1951, p. 13, Statistisk Sentralbyra, Oslo, 1961.

Roger Hood. Research on the effectiveness of punishment and other measures of treatment for adult offenders. In: Collected Studies in Criminological Research. Vol. I. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1967.

Leslie Wilkins. A survey of the field from the standpoint of facts and figures. In: The Effectiveness of Punishment and other Measures of Treatment . Council of Europe, Strasbourg , 1967 .

Bengt Börjeson . Om Paföljders Verkningar. En undersökning av prognosen för unga lagöverträdare efter olika slag av behandling (On the effects of different sanctions. A study of young offenders after different kinds of treatment. Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala, 1966. See also my review of this book in Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 1966, p. 117.

W.E.v.. Eyben. Strafundmaaling (Sentencing, p. 210, G.E.C. Gads Forlag , Copenhagen , 1950.

Skyddslag op. cit. p. 191.