The representation of the divine name in the Masoretic tradition and in the early
translations of the Septuagint is the subject of ongoing discussion. It can be
demonstrated that even the oldest Masoretic vocalization as preserved, among others,
in codex L must refer to adonai (the Lord) rather than shema (the Name). By means of
exegetical observations in the Greek version of the Torah, it becomes clear that
already the translators of the Septuagint have chosen 'Lord' (kyrios) as an
appropriate representation of the tetragrammaton; the replacement by the Hebrew
tetragrammaton in some Greek manuscripts is not original. Moreover, it becomes clear
that the translators of the Septuagint were influenced by theological considerations
when choosing an equivalent for the divine name.
Baudissin, W.W. Graf1929Kyrios als Gottesname im Judentum und seineStelle in der
Religionsgeschichte (ed.
O. Eissfeldt
; 4 vols.;
Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann
).
4.
Dahl, N.A.
, and
A.F. Segal1978 '
Philo and the Rabbis on the Name of God
', JSJ9:
1-28
.
5.
Fitzmyer, J.A.1975 'Der semitische Hintergrund des neutestamentlichen
Kyriostitels ', in
G. Strecker
(ed.), Jesus Christus in Historie und Theologie (FS H. Conzelmann;
Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck
): 267-98 (published in English as 'The Semitic
Background of the New Testament Kyrios-Title', in A Wandering Aramean: Collected
Aramaic Essays [SBLMS, 25:
Missoula, MT: Scholars Press
, 1979 ]: 115-42).
6.
Furuli, R.1999The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translations: With a Special Look at the
New World Translation of Jehovah's Witnesses (
Huntington Beach: Elihu Books
).
7.
Hanhart, R.1978 '
Review of F. Dunand, Papyrus Grecs Biblique (Papyrus F. Inv. 266) Volumina
de la Genèse et du Deutéronome. Le Caire 1966
', Orientalistische Literaturzeitung73:
39-45
.
8.
1988 'Die Bedeutung der Septuaginta für die Definition
des "Hellenistischen Judentums" ', in
J.A. Emerton
(ed.), Congress Volume: Jerusalem, 1986 (VTSup, 40;
Leiden: E.J. Brill
): 67-80.
9.
1994 'Textgeschichtliche Probleme der Septuaginta von ihrer
Entstehung bis Origenes', in
M. Hengel
and
A.M. Schwemer
(eds.), Die Septuaginta zwischen Judentum und Christentum (WUNT,
72;
Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck
): 1-19.
10.
Howard, G.1977 '
The Tetragram and the New Testament
', JBL96:
63-83
.
11.
Hurtado, L.W.1998 '
The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A Proposal
', JBL117:
655-73
.
12.
Joüon, P.
, and
T. Muraoka1996A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Part I. Orthography and Phonetics. Part II
. Morphology (Subsidia Biblica, 14/I and II; reprint of the 19911st edn with corrections,
Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico
).
13.
Kahle, P.E.1962Die Kairoer Genisa. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des hebräischen
Bibeltextes und seiner Übersetzungen (
Berlin: Akademie Verlag
).
14.
Katz, P.1948 '
Zur Aussprache von
', TZ4:
467-69
.
15.
Kraft, R.A.2003 'The "Textual Mechanics" of Early Jewish LXX/OG Papyri and
Fragments', in
McKendrick
and
O'Sullivan
(eds.) 2003: 51-72.
16.
Lust, J.1996 '
The Septuagint of Ezekiel according to Papyrus 967 and the Pentateuch
', ETL72:
131-37
.
17.
1997 'Mic 5,1-3 in Qumran and in the New Testament and Messianism in
the Septuagint', in
C.M. Tuckett
(ed.), The Scriptures in the Gospels (BEThL, 131;
Leuven: Peeters
): 65-88.
18.
MacDonough, S.M.1999YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1.4 in its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting
(WUNT, II.107;
Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck
).
19.
Marcus, D.1999 '
Aramaic Mnemonics in Codex Leningradensis
', A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism4 (online @#x3C;http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/vol04/Marcus1999.html>/>).
20.
McGregor, L.J.1985The Greek Text of Ezekiel: An Examination of its Homogeneity
(SBLSCS,
18
;
Atlanta: Scholars Press
).
21.
McKendrick, S.
, and
O. O'Sullivan
(eds.) 2003The Bible as Book: The Transmission of the Greek Text (
London: The British Library
;
Newcastle: Oak Knoll Press
).
22.
Parry, D.W.1996 '
4QSama and the Tetragrammaton'
, in D.W. Parry and S.D. Ricks (eds.),
Current Research and Technological Developments on the Dead Sea Scrolls
(STDJ,
20
;
Leiden: E.J. Brill
):
106-25
.
23.
1997 '
Notes on Divine Name Avoidance in Scriptural Units of the Legal Texts of Qumran
', in Moshe Bernstein , Florentino García Martínez
and John Kampen (eds.),
Legal Texts and Legal Issues
: Proceedings of the Second Meetingof the International
Organization for Qumran Studies, Cambridge 1995, Published in Honour of Joseph
M. Baumgarten (STDJ, 23; Leiden: E.J.
Brill): 437-49.
24.
Pietersma, A.1984 'Kyrios or Tetragramm: A Renewed Quest for the Original
Septuagint', in
A. Pietersma
and
C. Cox
(eds.), De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his
Sixty-Fifth Birthday (
Mississauga, ON: Benben Publications
): 85-101.
25.
Rahlfs, A.2004Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments.Bd. I,1. Die
Überlieferung bis zum VIII. Jahrhundert, bearb. von Detlef
Fraenkel (Septuaginta. Vetus Testamentum Graecum auctoritate Academiae
Scientiarum Gottingensis editum Suppl., 1.1;
Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
).
26.
Rösel, M.1991 'Die Übersetzung der Gottesnamen in der
Genesis-Septuaginta ', in
D.R. Daniels
,
U. Glessmer
and
M. Rösel
(eds.), Ernten, was man sät (FS K. Koch;
Neukirchen-Vluyn
:
Neukirchener Verlag
): 357-77.
27.
1998 '
Theo-Logie der griechischen Bibel. Zur Wiedergabe der Gottesaussagen im LXX-Pentateuch
', VT48:
49-62
.
28.
2000a
Adonaj-warum Gott 'Herr' genannt wird
( FAT,
29
;
Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck
).
29.
2000 b 'Names of God', in
L.H.Schiffman
and
J.C. VanderKam
(eds.), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (
New York : Oxford University Press
): 600-602.
30.
Royse, J.R.1991 '
Philo,
ΚϒΡΙΟΣ,
and the Tetragrammaton
', Studia Philonica Annual3:
167-82
.
31.
Schulz, S.1962'Maranatha und Kyrios Jesus'
, ZNW53:
125-44
.
32.
Shaw, F.E.2002 'The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of
ΙΑΩ ' (PhD dissertation,
University of Cincinnati
).
33.
Skehan, P.W.1957 ' The Qumran Manuscripts and Textual Criticism', in
G.W. Anderson
et al. (eds.), Congress Volume:
Strasbourg
, 1956 (VTSup, 4;
Leiden: E.J. Brill
): 148-60.
34.
1980 '
The Divine Name at Qumran, in the Masada-Scroll, and in the Septuagint
', BIOSCS13:
14-44
.
35.
Sollamo, R.2003 ' The Significance of Septuagint Studies', in
S.M. Paul
etal. (eds.), Studies in Hebrew Bible, Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls
in Honor of Emanuel Tov (
Leiden: E.J. Brill
): 487-512.
36.
Stegemann, H.1978 '
Religionsgeschichtliche Erwägungen zu den Gottesbezeichnungen in
den Qumrantexten
', in M. Delcor (ed.),
Qumrân. Sa piété, sa théologie
et son milieu
( BEThL,
44
;
Leuven: Peeters
):
195-217
.
37.
Tov, E.1990The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll fromNahal $112ever (8 $112ev XII gr) (The
Seiyal Collection I
; DJD,
8
;
Oxford: Clarendon Press
).
38.
1992Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (
Minneapolis: Fortress Press
;
Assen: Van Gorcum
).
39.
2003 'The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert', in
McKendrick
and
O'Sullivan
(eds.) 2003: 97-122.
40.
Trobisch, D.2000The First Edition of the New Testament(
Oxford: Oxford University Press
).
41.
Waddell, W.G.1944 '
The Tetragrammaton in the LXX
', JTS45:
158-61
.
42.
Walter, N.2001 '
Die griechische Übersetzung der Schriften Israels
', in H.J. Fabry and U. Offerhaus (eds.),
Im Brennpunkt: die Septuaginta. Studien zur Entstehung und Bedeutung der
griechischen Bibel
( BWANT ,
153
;
Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
):
71-96
.
43.
Wevers, J.W.1990Notes on the Greek Text of Exodus
( SBLSCS ,
30
;
Atlanta : Scholars Press
).
44.
1999 '
The Balaam Narrative According to the Septuagint
', in
Lectures et Relectures de la Bible
(FS P.-M. Bogaert; BEThL,
144
:
Leuven: Peeters
):
133-44
.
45.
2001 '
The Rendering of the Tetragram in the Psalter and Pentateuch:A Comparative Study
', in R.J.V. Hiebert, C.E. Cox and P.J. Gentry (eds.),
The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honor of Albert Pietersma
(JSOTSup,
332
;
Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press
):
21-35
.
