This paper presents an agenda for research into the geographies of UK livestock agriculture as these are being reconfigured through the increasing intervention of genetic techniques and technologies. After discussing three particular techniques, four areas of research are identified. The first three relate to different spaces and scales at which the effects of genetic techniques can be examined: the animal body and animal-human relationships; the farm and other rural spaces; and the national and international networks of genetic knowledge-practices relating to livestock. The fourth area outlines an agenda for engaging with Foucault's notion of biopower as a possible means of gaining a theoretical purchase on three key issues which span these three scales: knowledge, power and life. In its reflections on the wider implications of the proposed research the paper aims to speak to a number of audiences within and beyond the discipline.
Archibald, A. and Haley, C.2003: What can the genetics revolution offer the meat industry ? Outlook on Agriculture32, 219-26.
2.
Banner, M. and Suk, J.2006: Genomics in the UK: mapping the social science landscape . Genomics, Society and Policy2, 1-27.
3.
Berger, J.1980: About looking. London: Writers and Readers.
4.
Best, S. and Kellner, D.1991: Postmodern theory: critical interrogations. London: Macmillan.
5.
Bishop, S. and Woolliams, J.A.2004: Genetic approaches and technologies for improving the sustainability of livestock production. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture84, 911-19.
6.
Bowler, I.1986: Some consequences of the industrialization of agriculture in the European Community. In Healey, M. and Ilbery, B., editors, The industrialization of the countryside, Norwich: Geobooks , 75-98.
7.
- 1987: The geography of agriculture under the CAP. Progress in Human Geography11, 24-40.
8.
Bowring, F.2003: Science, seeds and cyborgs: biotechnology and the appropriation of life. London: Verso.
9.
Boyd, W. and Watts, M.1997: Agro-industrial just-in-time: the chicken industry and postwar American capitalism. In Goodman, D. and Watts, M., editors, Globalizing food: agrarian questions and global restructuring, London: Routledge, 192-225.
10.
Bridge, G., McManus, P. and Marsden, T.2003: The next new thing? Biotechnology and its discontents . Geoforum34, 165-74.
11.
Brown, N.2003: Hope against hype - accountability in biopasts, presents and futures. Science Studies16, 3-21.
12.
Bryant, L. and Pini, B.2006: Towards an understanding of gender and capital in constituting biotechnologies in agriculture. Sociologia Ruralis46, 261-79.
13.
Bulfield, G.2000: Farm animal biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology8, 10-13.
14.
Burgess, J., Clark, J. and Harrison, C.2000: Knowledges in action: an actor network analysis of a wet-land agri-environment scheme. Ecological Economics35, 119-32.
15.
Callon, M.1998: The laws of the markets. Oxford: Blackwell.
16.
Christiansen, S.B. and Sandoe, P.2000: Bioethics: limits to the interference with life. Animal Reproduction Science60-61, 15-29.
17.
Clark, J. and Murdoch, J.1997: Local knowledge and the precarious extension of scientific networks: a reflection on three case studies. Sociologia Ruralis37, 38-60.
18.
Coppin, D.2003: Foucauldian hog futures: the birth of mega-hog farms. The Sociological Quarterly44, 597-616.
19.
Curry, N. and Winter, M.2000: The transition to environmental agriculture in Europe: learning processes and knowledge networks. European Planning Studies8, 107-21.
20.
Danaher, G., Schirato, T. and Webb, J.2000: Understanding Foucault. London: Sage.
21.
Davies, G.2003: A geography of monsters? Geoforum34, 409-12.
22.
Diamond, I. and Woodgate, D.2005: Genomics research in the UK - the social science agenda . New Genetics and Society24, 239-52.
23.
Elstein, D., Comis, J. and Flores, A.2005: Unraveling the genome of the honey bee, pig, cow and chicken: an agency effort to sequence genomes. Agricultural Research January, 4-9.
24.
Emel, J. and Wolch, J.1998: Witnessing the animal moment. In Wolch, J., Emel, J., editors, Animal geographies: place politics and identity in the nature-culture borderlands , London: Verso, 1-24.
25.
Farmers Weekly2005: Technology represents next step on selection path. 30 December, 38-39.
26.
Fish, R. and Phillips, M.1997: Explorations in media country: political economic moments in British rural television drama. Paper presented at the third British French Rural Geography Symposium, Nantes, September.
27.
Foucault, M.1990[1976]: The history of sexuality, volume 1: an introduction . Harmondsworth: Penguin.
28.
- 2004[1997]: Society must be defended. London : Penguin.
29.
Fox Keller, E.1985: Reflections on gender and science. London: Yale University Press.
30.
- 1992: Secrets of life, secrets of death. Essays on language, gender and science. London: Routledge .
31.
- 2000: The century of the gene. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32.
Franklin, A.1999: Animals and modern culture. London : Sage.
33.
Gannett, L.1999: What's in a cause? The pragmatic dimensions of genetic explanations. Biology and Philosophy14, 349-74.
34.
Gasson, R., Crow, G., Errington, A., Hutson, J., Marsden, T. and Winter, M.1988: The farm as a family business: a review. Journal of Agricultural Economics39, 1-41.
35.
Gerber, J., Holloway, L., Seymour, S., Steven, M. and Watkins, C.1998: New technologies and old knowledges: the impact of precision farming on the management of the English countryside. In Croix, N., editor, Environnement et nature dans les campagnes: nouvelles politiques, nouvelles pratiques, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
36.
GM Nation2003: GM Nation: the findings of the public debate. London: The Stationery Office.
37.
Goodman, D. and Redclift, M.1991: Refashioning nature: food, ecology and culture. London: Routledge.
38.
Goodman, D., Sorj, B. and Wilkinson, J.1987: From farming to biotechnology. Oxford : Blackwell.
39.
Grasseni, C.2005: Designer cows: the practice of cattle breeding between skill and standardization Society and Animals 13, 33-50.
40.
Gray, J.1996: Cultivating farm life on the Borders: Scottish hill sheep farms and theEuropean Community. Sociologia Ruralis36, 27-50.
41.
- 1998: Family farms in the Scottish Borders: a practical definition by hill sheep farmers. Journal of Rural Studies14, 341-56.
42.
Greenhough, B.2006: Decontextualized? Dissociated? Detached? Mapping the networks of bioinformatics exchange. Environment and Planning A38, 445-63.
43.
Greenhough, B. and Roe, E.2006: Towards a geography of bodily biotechnologies. Environment and Planning A38, 416-22.
44.
Haraway, D.1997: Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan_Meets_OncoMouse. Feminism and techno-science. London: Routledge.
45.
Hardy, A.2005: Marked out for success. Farmers Weekly 30 December, 38-40.
46.
Harrison, C., Burgess, J. and Clark, C.1998: Discounted knowledges: farmers' and residents' understandings of nature conservation goals. Journal of Environmental Management54, 305-20.
47.
Hauskeller, C.2004: Genes, genomes and identity. Projections on matter. New Genetics and Society23, 285-99.
48.
Hermann, V. and Shucksmith, M.1994: Habitus and practise of farmers in Scotland and West Germany . In Corpus, A. and Marr, J., editors, Rural realities, trends and choices, Proceedings of the 35th EAAE seminar, Aberdeen, June.
49.
Hinchliffe, S., Blowers, A. and Freeland, J., editors 2003: Understanding environmental issues. Chichester/Milton Keynes: Wiley /Open University.
50.
Holloway, L.1999: Understanding climate change and farming: scientific and farmers' constructions of `global warming' in relation to agriculture. Environment and Planning A31, 2017-32.
51.
- 2000: `Hell on earth and paradise all at the same time': the production of small holding space in theBritish countryside. Area32, 307-16.
52.
- 2005: Aesthetics, genetics and evaluating animal bodies: locating and displacing cattle on show and in figures. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space23, 883-902.
53.
- 2007: Subjecting cows to robots: farming technologies and the making of animal subjects. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space25, 1041-60.
54.
Holloway, L. and Morris, C.2006: Boosted bodies: biotechnologies, domestic livestock and mapping an agricultural future. Paper presented at the `Geographies of Life Itself' session, Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society - Institute of British Geographers, London, August/September.
55.
- 2007: Exploring biopower in the regulation of farm animal bodies: genetic policy interventions in UK livestock. Genomics, Society and Policy3, 82-98.
56.
- 2008: Boosted bodies: genetic techniques, domestic livestock bodies and complex representations of life. Geoforum, in press.
57.
Ilbery, B. and Bowler, I.1998: From agricultural productivism to post-productivism. In Ilbery B., editor, The geography of rural change. Harlow: Longman , 57-84.
58.
Jasanoff, S.1992: Science, politics and the renegotiation of expertise at EPA. Osiris7, 194-217.
59.
Kelso, D.2000: The migration of salmon from nature to biotechnology. In Schurman, R. and Kelso, D., editors, Engineering trouble: biotechnology and its discontents, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
60.
Kloppenburg, J.1991: Social theory and the de/ reconstruction of agricultural science: local knowledge for an alternative agriculture. Rural Sociology56, 519-48.
61.
Kues, W. and Niemann, H.2004: The contribution of farm animals to human health. Trends in Biotechnology22, 286-94.
62.
Lang, T. and Heasman, M.2004: Food wars: the battle for mouths, minds and markets. London: Earthscan.
63.
Larrere, R.2003: Genetic engineering and ethical issues. Outlook on Agriculture32, 267-72.
64.
Latour, B.1987: Science in action. How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
65.
Law, J. and Mol, A., editors 2002: Complexities: social studies of knowledge practices. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
66.
Leach, M. and Fairhead, J.2002: Manners of contestation: `citizen science' and `indigenous knowledge' in West Africa and the Caribbean. International Social Science Journal53, 299-311.
67.
Levidow, L.1996: Simulating mother nature, industrializing agriculture . In Bird, J., Curtis, B., Mash, M., Putnam, T., Robertson, G. and Tickner, L., editors, Futurenatural: nature, science, culture, London: Routledge, 55-71.
68.
Liepins, R.1996: Reading agricultural power: media as sites and processes in the construction of meaning. New Zealand Geographer52, 3-10.
69.
Lindkvist, L.2005: Knowledge communities and knowledge collectivities: a typology of knowledge work in groups. Journal of Management Studies42, 1189-210.
70.
Long, J.2006: Genetic marker test will help to eradicate Johne's. Farmers Weekly 9 June, 43.
71.
Lowe, P., Clark, J., Seymour, S. and Ward, N.1997: Moralizing the environment: countryside change, farming and pollution. London: UCL Press .
72.
Macnaghten, P. 2001: Animal futures: public attitudes and sensibilities towards animals and biotechnology in contemporary Britain. Report by the Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy for the Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Commission. Retrieved 25 July 2008 from http://www.aebc.gov.uk/aebc/pdf/macnaghten_animals_futures.pdf
73.
Maga, E.A.2005: Genetically engineered livestock: closer than we think ? Trends in Biotechnology23, 533-35.
74.
Mannion, A.1992: Biotechnology and genetic engineering: new environmental issues. In Mannion, A. and Bowlby, S., editors, Environmental issues in the 1990s, Chichester: Wiley , 147-60.
75.
Marks, J.2006: Biopolitics. Theory, Culture and Society23, 333-35.
76.
Marsden, T.1988: Exploring political economy approaches in agriculture . Area20, 315-22.
77.
Marsden, T., Munton, R., Whatmore, S. and Little, J.1989: Strategies for coping in capitalist agriculture: an examination of responses of farm families inBritish agriculture. Geoforum20, 1-14.
78.
Mascarenhas, M. and Busch, L.2006: Seeds of change: intellectual property rights, genetically modified soybeans and seed saving in the United States. Sociologia Ruralis46, 122-38.
79.
McEachern, C.1992: Farmers and conservation: conflict and accommodation in farming politics. Journal of Rural Studies8, 159-71.
80.
McHenry, H.1998: Wild flowers in the wrong fields are weeds! Examining farmers' constructions of conservation. Environment and Planning A30, 1039-53.
81.
Merial Ltd2007: Igenity . Retrieved 25 July 2008 from http://www.igenity.com
82.
Millar, J. and Curtis, A.1999: Challenging the boundaries of local and scientific knowledge in Australia: opportunities for social learning in managing temperate upland pastures. Agriculture and Human Values16, 389-99.
83.
Morgan, K. and Murdoch, J.2000: Organic vs. conventional agriculture: knowledge, power and innovation in the food chain. Geoforum31, 159-73.
84.
Morris, C.2006: Negotiating the boundary between state-led and farmer approaches to knowing nature: an analysis of UK agri-environment schemes. Geoforum37, 113-27.
85.
Morris, C. and Evans, N.1999: Research on the geography of agricultural change: redundant or revitalized. Area31, 349-58.
86.
- 2004: Agricultural turns, geographical turns: retrospect and prospect. Journal of Rural Studies20, 95-111.
87.
Murdoch, J.1997: Inhuman/nonhuman/human: actor-network theory and the prospects for a nondualistic and symmetrical perspective on nature and society. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space15, 731-56.
88.
Oudshoorn, N. and Pinch, T.2003: Introduction: how users and non-users matter. In Oudshoorn, N. and Pinch, T., editors, How users matter: the co-construction of users and technologies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1-25.
89.
Page, B.1997: Restructuring pork production, remaking rural Iowa. In Goodman, D. and Watts, M., editors, Globalizing food: agrarian questions and global restructuring, London: Routledge , 133-57.
90.
Parry, B.2004: Trading the genome: investigating the commodification of bio-information. New York: Columbia University Press.
91.
Philo, C. and Wilbert, C.2000: Animal spaces, beastly places. An introduction. In Philo, C. and Wilbert, C., editors, Animal spaces, beastly places: new geographies of human-animal relations, London: Routledge, 1-34.
92.
Rabinow, P.1984: The Foucault reader. New York: Pantheon Books.
93.
Rabinow, P. and Rose, N.2003: Thoughts on the concept of biopower today. Retrieved 25 July 2008 from http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/sociology/pdf/RabinowandRose-BiopowerToday03.pdf
94.
Ritvo, H.1987: The animal estate: the English and other creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95.
Robbins, P.2000: The practical politics of knowing: state environmental knowledge and local political economy. Economic Geography76, 126-44.
96.
Rose, N.2001: The politics of life itself. Theory, Culture and Society18, 1-30.
97.
Royal Society2001: The use of genetically modified animals. London: The Royal Society.
98.
Seymour, S. and Revill, G.2000: Telling stories: stories as textual strategy. In Hughes, A., Morris, C. and Seymour, S., editors, Ethnography and rural research, Cheltenham : Countryside and Community Press, 136-57.
99.
Stassart, P. and Whatmore, S.2003: Metabolizing risk: food scares and the un/remaking of Belgian beef. Environment and Planning A35, 449-62.
100.
Stibbe, A.2003: As charming as a pig: the discursive construction of the relationship between pigs and humans. Society and Animals11, 375-92.
101.
Straughan, R.1999: Ethics, morality and animal biotechnology. Swindon: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).
102.
Tsouvalis, J., Seymour, S. and Watkins, C.2000: Exploring knowledge-cultures: precision farming, yield mapping, and the expert-farmer interface. Environment and Planning A32, 908-24.
103.
Twine, R.2007: Animal genomics and ambivalence: a sociology of animal bodies in agricultural biotechnology. Genomics, Society and Policy3, 99-117.
104.
Ufkes, F.1998: Building a better pig: fat profits in lean meat. In Wolch, J. and Emel, J., editors, Animal geographies: place, politics and identity at the nature-culture borderlands, London: Verso, 241-58.
105.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)2008: Johne's disease on U.S. dairies, 1991-2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008 from http://nahms.aphis.usda.gov/dairy/dairy07/Dairy2007_Johnes.pdf
106.
Walton, J.1986: Pedigree and the national cattle herd circa 1750-1950 . Agricultural History Review34, 149-70.
107.
Watts, M.2000: Afterword: enclosure. In Philo, C. and Wilbert, C., editors, Animal spaces, beastly places: new geographies of human-animal relations, London: Routledge, 292-304.
108.
Whatmore, S.1994: Global agro-food complexes and the refashioning of rural Europe. In Amin, A. and Thrift, N., editors, Globalization, institutions and regional development in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 46-67.
109.
- 1999: Editorial: Geography's place in the life-science era? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS24, 259-60.
Wheeler, M. and Walters, E.2001: Transgenic technology and applications in swine. Theriogenology56, 1345-69.
112.
Wilson, G.1997: Assessing the environmental impact of the ESA Scheme: a case for using farmers' environmental knowledge? Landscape Research22, 303-26.
113.
Winter, M.1995: Networks of knowledge: research, advice, training and education for environmentally friendly agriculture in the UK. Godalming: Worldwide Fund for Nature.
114.
- 2004: Geographies of food: agro-food geographies - farming, food and politics. Progress in Human Geography28, 664-70.
115.
Wolch, J.2002: Anima urbis. Progress in Human Geography26, 721-42.
116.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)1987: Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
117.
Yarwood, R. and Evans, N.2006: A Lleyn sweep for local sheep? Breed societies and the geographies of Welsh livestock. Environment and Planning A38, 1307-26.
118.
Yoxen, E.1982: Giving life a new meaning: the rise of the molecular biology establishment. In Elias, N., Martins, H. and Whitley, R., editors, Scientific establishment and hierarchies: sociology of the sciences, volume VI, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 123-43.
