This article is a review of the ways in which human geography has engaged with film and video. Beginning with a look at the history of cinematic analysis within the discipline, the paper outlines different possible uses for digital video, focusing on its merits as a multisensory ethnographic method. The article encourages geographers to make the move from analysis to production, citing examples from successful recent projects which have done so, endorsing further integration of video into fieldwork and an increase in digital publication to create what we might call videographic geographies.
Aitken SC and Dixon DP ( 2006) Imagining geographies of film. Erdkunde Band60: 326-336.
2.
Aitken SC and Zonn L. ( 1994a) Of pelicans and men: Symbolic landscapes, gender, and Australia’s Storm Boy. In: Aitken SC and Zonn L (eds) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 137-159.
3.
Aitken SC and Zonn L. ( 1994b) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield .
4.
Alasuutari P. ( 1995) Researching Culture: Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE .
5.
Banks M. ( 1992) Which films are the ethnographic films? In: Crawford PI and Turton D (eds) Film as Ethnography. Manchester : Manchester University Press, in association with the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology.
6.
Barbash I. and Taylor L. ( 1997) Cross Cultural Filmmaking: A Handbook for Making Documentaries and Ethnographic Films and Video. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
7.
Bonnett A.(2009) The dilemmas of radical nostalgia in British psychogeography. Theory , Culture and Society26: 45-70.
8.
Bowden MJ ( 1994) Jerusalem, Dover Beach, and Kings Cross: Imagined places as metaphors of the British class struggle in Chariots of Fire and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. In: Aitken SC and Zonn L (eds) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 69-100.
9.
Brown KM, Dilley R. and Marshall K. ( 2008) Using a head-mounted video camera to understand social worlds and experiences. Sociological Research Online13.
10.
Butler T. ( 2007) Memoryscape: How audio walks can deepen our sense of place by integrating art, oral history and cultural geography. Geography Compass1(3): 360-372.
11.
Charles L. ( 2006) Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox.
12.
Chaud M. ( 2008) Himalaya: Path to the Sky. Paris: ZED Productions.
13.
Clifford J. ( 2001) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
14.
Cohen AP and Rapport N. ( 1995) Questions of Consciousness. London : Routledge.
15.
Collier J. and Collier M. ( 1986) Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method . Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
16.
Cosgrove D. ( 2005) Contested global visions: One-world, whole-earth, and the Apollo space photographs. Annals of the Association of American Geographers84: 270-294.
17.
Crang M. ( 1997) Picturing practices: Research through the tourist gaze . Progress in Human Geography21: 359-373.
18.
Crang M. ( 1998) Cultural Geography (Routledge Contemporary Human Geography) . New York: Routledge .
19.
Crang M. and Cook I. ( 2007) Doing ethnographies. London : SAGE.
20.
Crang P.(2010) Cultural geography: After a fashion. Cultural Geographies17: 191-201.
21.
Cresswell T. ( 1993) Mobility as resistance: A geographical reading of Kerouac’s ‘On the road’. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers18: 249-262.
22.
Crick M. ( 1976) Explorations in Language and Meaning. London: Malaby Press.
23.
Curti GH ( 2008) The ghost in the city and a landscape of life: A reading of difference in Shirow and Oshii’s Ghost in the Shell. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space26: 87-106.
24.
Dahlman C. ( 2002) Masculinity in conflict: Geopolitics and performativity in The Crying Game. In: Cresswell T and Dixon D (eds) Engaging Film: Geographies of Mobility and Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
25.
Davidson J., Bondi L. and Smith M. ( 2005) Emotional Geographies. Aldershot : Ashgate.
26.
Davies G. ( 2003) Researching the networks of natural history film-making . In: Pinder D, Blunt A, Gruffudd P, May J and Ogborn M (eds) Cultural Geography in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 202-217.
27.
Debord G. ( 1994) The Society of the Spectacle. New York : Zone Books.
28.
DeLyser D. ( 1999) Authenticity on the ground: Engaging the past in a California ghost town. Annals of the Association of American Geographers89: 602-632.
29.
DeLyser D. ( 2004) Recovering social memories from the past: The 1884 novel Ramona and tourist practices in turn-of-the-century southern California . Social and Cultural Geography5: 483-496.
30.
DeSilvey C. ( 2007) Art and archive: Memory-work on a Montana homestead . Journal of Historical Geography33: 878-900.
31.
Devereaux L. and Hillman R. ( 1995) Fields of Vision: Essays in Film Studies, Visual Anthropology, and Photography. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
32.
Dickens L. ( 2008) ‘Finders keepers’: Performing the street, the gallery and the spaces in-between. Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies4(1).
33.
Dodds K. ( 2006) Popular geopolitics and audience dispositions: James Bond and the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers31: 116-130.
34.
Driver F. ( 2003) On geography as a visual discipline. Antipode: 227-231.
35.
Dunn R., Beaudry JS and Klavas A. ( 2002) Survey of research on learning styles. California Journal of Science EducationII(2).
36.
Edensor T. ( 1997) National identity and the politics of memory: Remembering Bruce and Wallace in symbolic space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space15: 175-194.
37.
Edensor T. ( 2005a) The ghosts of industrial ruins: Ordering and disordering memory in excessive space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space23: 829-849.
38.
Edensor T. ( 2005b) Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics, and Materiality , Oxford: Berg.
39.
Edensor T. ( 2005c) Waste matter - the debris of industrial ruins and the disordering of the material world. Journal of Material Culture10: 311-332.
40.
Edensor T. ( 2008) Mundane hauntings: Commuting through the phantasmagoric working-class spaces of Manchester, England. Cultural Geographies15: 313-333.
41.
El Guindi F. ( 2004) Visual Anthropology: Essential Method and Theory . Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press .
42.
Elton L. ( 2000) The UK research assessment exercise: Unintended consequences . Higher Education Quarterly54: 1-11.
43.
Evans J. and Jones P. ( 2008) Towards Lefebvrian socio-nature? A film about rhythm, nature and science. Geography Compass2(3): 659-670.
44.
Feld S. and Basso KH ( 1996) Senses of Place. Santa Fe, NM : School of American Research Press (distributed by the University of Washington Press).
45.
Flaherty RJ ( 1922) Nanook of the North. New York : Criterion Films.
46.
Flyvbjerg B. ( 2002) Making Social Science Matter. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
47.
Frantz J. ( 2007) Using participatory video to enrich planning process . Planning Theory and Practice8: 103-107.
48.
Frey J. ( 2005) A Million Little Pieces. New York: Anchor.
49.
Fricke R. ( 1985) Chronos. USA: Les Productions de la Géode.
50.
Fricke R. ( 1992) Baraka. Culver City, CA: Magidson Films.
51.
Fuchs P. ( 1988) Ethnographic film in Germany: An introduction. Visual Anthropology1: 217-223.
52.
Gandy M. ( 2003) Landscapes of deliquescence in Michelangelo Antonioni’s Red Desert. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers28: 218-237.
53.
Gandy M. ( 2008) Landscapes of disaster: Water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai. Environment and Planning A40: 108-130.
54.
Gandy M. ( 2009) Liquid City: Reflections on making a film. Cultural Geographies16: 403-408.
55.
Garrett BL(2010a) Drowned memories: The submerged places of the Winnemem Wintu . Archaeologies6(2): 346-371.
56.
Garrett BL(2010b) Urban explorers: Quests for myth, mystery and meaning. Geography Compass4(10): 1448-1461.
57.
Garrett BL, Anton M., Moreau T., Hess A., Miles E. and Cutler A. ( 2010) London’s Olympic Waterscape. London: British Library, Sport and Society. Available at: http://www.bl.uk/sportandsociety/legacy/articles/waterways.html
58.
Geertz C. ( 1973) The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
59.
Gold JR ( 2002) The real thing? Contesting the myth of documentary realism through classroom analysis of films on planning and reconstruction . In: Cresswell T and Dixon D (eds) Engaging Film: Geographies of Mobility and Identity . Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield , 209-225.
60.
Golub A. ( 2009) iPod as fieldwork device. Savage Minds: Notes and Queries in Anthropology. Available at: http://savageminds.org/2009/09/11/ipod-as-fieldwork-device.
61.
Grady J. ( 1996) The scope of visual sociology. Visual Studies11: 10-24.
62.
Hammersley M. and Atkinson P. ( 1995) Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London: Routledge.
63.
Hansen AL ( 2008) Walking through a liquid forest of symbols. Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies4(1).
64.
Hastrup K. ( 1992) Anthropological visions: Some notes on visual and textual authority. In: Crawford PI and Turton D (eds) Film As Ethnography. Manchester: Manchester University Press , in association with the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology , 8-25.
65.
Heath C. and Hindmarsh J. ( 2002) Analyzing interaction: Video, ethnography and situated conduct. In: May T (ed.) Qualitative Research in Action. London: SAGE, 99-121.
66.
Heider KG ( 1976) Ethnographic Film. Austin, TX : University of Texas Press.
67.
Hill D., Panetta F. and Levene D. ( 2009) Olympic stories: Hackney Wick. The Guardian 23 November. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/davehillblog/video/2009/nov/19/2012-olympics-hackney-wick.
68.
Hindmarsh J., Heath C. and Luff P. ( 2010) Video in Qualitative Research. London : SAGE.
69.
Hockings P. ( 1995) Principles of Visual Anthropology, second edition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
70.
Holloway J. and Kneale J. ( 2008) Locating haunting: A ghost-hunter’s guide . Cultural Geographies15: 297-312.
71.
Howes D. ( 2005) Empire of the Senses: The Sensory Culture Reader . Oxford: Berg.
72.
Jackson MA ( 1974) Film and the historian. Cultures2: 223-240.
73.
Jarvie IC ( 1987) Philosophy of the Film: Epistemology, Ontology, Aesthetics . New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
74.
Jenkins H. ( 2006) Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide . New York: New York University Press.
75.
Johansson L., Knippel V., De Waal D. and Nyamachumbe F. ( 1999) Questions and answers about participatory video . Forests, Trees and People Newsletter40/41: 35-40.
76.
Josephides L. ( 1997) Representing the anthropologist’s predicament . In: James W, Hockney J and Dawson A (eds) After Writing Culture: Epistimology and Praxis in Contemporary Anthropology . London: Routledge, 16-33.
77.
Keiller P. ( 2009) Landscape and cinematography. Cultural Geographies16: 409-411.
78.
Kennedy CB ( 1994) The myth of heroism: Man and the desert in Lawrence of Arabia. In: Aitken SC and Zonn L (eds) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 161-179.
79.
Kennedy C. and Lukinbeal C. ( 1997) Towards a holistic approach to geographic research on film. Progress in Human Geography21: 33-50.
80.
Kierkegaard S. ( 1992) Concluding Unscientific Postscript 1: Kierkegaard’s Writings. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
81.
Kindon S. ( 2003) Participatory video in geographic research: A feminist practice of looking? Area35: 142-153.
82.
Knoetze JJ and Meistre B. ( 2009) Interrogating surveillance: The 50 minute hour . Surveillance and Society7(1).
83.
Laurier E. ( 2006) Possible geographies: A passing encounter in a café . Area38: 353-363.
84.
Laurier E. ( 2009) Editing experience: Sharing adventures through home movies . In: Assembling the Line: Amateur and Professional Work, Skills and Practice in Digital Video Editing. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh, 19 pp.
85.
Laurier E. and Brown B. ( 2009) Cultures of seeing: Pedagogies of the riverbank . Unpublished paper, University of Edinburgh, 22 pp.
86.
Laurier E. and Philo C. ( 2002) Ethnoarchaeology and undefined investigations. Environment and Planning A36: 421-436.
87.
Laurier E. and Philo C. ( 2006) Natural problems of naturalistic video data. In: Knoblauch H, Raab J, Soeffner HG and Schnettler B (eds) Video-analysis Methodology and Methods, Qualitative Audiovisual Data Analysis in Sociology. Oxford: Peter Lang, 183-192.
88.
Laurier E., Lorimer H., Brown B., Jones O., Juhlin O., Noble A., et al. (2008) Driving and passengering: Notes on the ordinary organisation of car travel. Mobilities3: 1-23.
89.
Laurier E., Strebel I. and Brown B. ( 2009) The reservations of the editor. In: Assembling the Line: Amateur and Professional Work, Skills and Practice in Digital Video Editing. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 21 pp.
90.
Lipman C. ( 2009) The domestic uncanny: Co-habiting with ghosts. London Group of Historical Geographers Seminar Series, University of London.
91.
Loizos P. ( 1992) Admissible evidence? Film in anthropology. In: Crawford PI and Turton D (eds) Film As Ethnography. Manchester : Manchester University Press, in association with the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology , 50-65.
92.
Loizos P. ( 1993) Innovation in Ethnographic Film: From Innocence to Self-consciousness, 1955-1985. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
93.
Lorimer H. ( 2005) Cultural geography: The busyness of being ‘more-than-representational’ . Progress in Human Geography29: 83-94.
94.
Lukinbeal C. and Zimmermann S. ( 2006) Film geography: A new subfield. Erdkunde Band60: 315-325.
95.
Lury C. ( 1998) Prosthetic Culture: Photography, Memory and Identity . London: Routledge.
96.
MacDougall D. ( 1978) Ethnographic film: Failure and promise. Annual Review of Anthropology7: 405-425.
97.
McLeod C. and Maynor M. ( 2001) In Light of Reverence. Oley, PA: Bullfrog Films.
98.
Macpherson H. ( 2005) Landscape’s ocular-centrism - and beyond? In: Tress B, Tress G , Fry G and Opdam P (eds) From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application (Wageningen UR Frontis Series). New York: Springer, 95-104.
99.
Maddern JF ( 2008) Spectres of migration and the ghosts of Ellis Island . Cultural Geographies15: 359-381.
100.
Maddern JF and Adey P. ( 2008) Editorial: Spectrogeographies. Cultural Geographies15: 291-295.
101.
Marshall F. ( 1993) Alive. Burbank, CA: Buena Vista Home Entertainment.
102.
Martinez W. ( 1992) Who constructs anthropological knowledge? Toward a theory of ethnographic film spectatorship. In: Crawford PI and Turton D (eds) Film As Ethnography. Manchester: Manchester University Press in association with the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology, 131-161.
103.
Mead M. ( 1995) Visual anthropology in a discipline of words. In: Hockings P (ed.) Principles of Visual Anthropology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 3-10.
104.
Mermin E. ( 1997) Being where? Experiencing narratives of ethnographic film . Visual Anthropology Review13: 40-51.
105.
Metz C. ( 1985) Photography and fetish. October34: 81-90.
106.
Moretti E. and Smith S. ( 2006) Vice Guide to Travel. New York : Vice Films.
107.
Myrick D. and Sánchez E. ( 1999) The Blair Witch Project. Santa Monica, CA: Lions Gate Films.
108.
Natter W. ( 1994) The city as cinematic space: Modernism and place in Berlin, symphony of a city. In: Aitken SC and Zonn L (eds) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 203-227.
109.
Neumann M. ( 2002) Making the scene: The poetics and performances of displacement at the GrandCanyon. In: Coleman S and Crang M (eds) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 38-53.
110.
Omori Y. ( 1988) Cinematographic theory and new dimensions in ethnographic film. Senri Ethnological Studies 24. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
111.
Parr H. ( 2007) Collaborative film-making as process, method and text in mental health research. Cultural Geographies14: 114-138.
112.
Pearson M. and Shanks M. ( 2001) Theatre/archaeology. London : Routledge.
113.
Pinder D. ( 2005) Arts of urban exploration. Cultural Geographies12: 383-411.
114.
Pink S. ( 2007) Doing Visual Ethnography: Images, Media and Representation in Research. Manchester: Manchester University Press, in association with the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology.
115.
Pink S. ( 2008) An urban tour: The sensory sociality of ethnographic place-making . Ethnography9: 175-196.
116.
Pink S.(2009) Walking with video. Visual Studies22: 240-252.
117.
Prosser J. ( 1998) Image-based Research. London : Routledge.
118.
Prosser J. ( 2005) The moral maze of image ethics. In: Sheehy K, Nind M, Rix J and Simmons K (eds) Ethics and Research in Inclusive Education: Values into Practice . London: Routledge, 133-148.
119.
Reggio G. ( 1982) Koyaanisqatsi. USA: New Cinema Films .
120.
Reggio G. ( 1988) Powaqqatsi. USA: Cannon Films .
121.
Reggio G. ( 2002) Naqoyqatsi. Burbank, CA: Miramax Films.
122.
Rogoff I. ( 2000) Terra Infirma: Geography’s Visual Culture . London: Routledge.
123.
Rollwagen JR ( 1988) The role of anthropological theory in ‘ethnographic’ filmmaking. In: Rollwagen JR (ed.) Anthropological Filmmaking. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers, 287-315.
124.
Rony FT ( 1996) Taxidermy and romantic ethnography: Robert Flaherty’s Nanook of the North. In: Rony FTThe Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and Ethnographic Spectacle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 99-126.
125.
Rose G. ( 2001) Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
126.
Rose G. ( 2003) On the need to ask how, exactly, is geography ‘visual’?Antipode35: 212-221.
127.
Ruby J. ( 2005) The last 20 years of visual anthropology - a critical review. Visual Studies20: 159-170.
128.
Sandercock L. and Attili G.(2010) Digital ethnography as planning praxis: an experiment with film as social research, community engagement and policy dialogue. Planning Theory and Practice11: 23-45.
129.
Scannell P. ( 2006) Radio, Television and Modern Life. Oxford: Blackwell.
130.
Schienke EW and Brown B. ( 2003) Streets into stages: An interview with Surveillance Camera Players’ Bill Brown. Surveillance and Society1: 356-374.
131.
Schwartz D. ( 1992) Waucoma Twilight: Generations of the Farm. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
132.
Shaw J. and Robertson C. ( 1997) Participatory Video: A Practical Guide to Using Video Creatively in Group Development Work. London: Routledge.
133.
Smith L. ( 2002) Chips off the old ice block: Nanook of the North and the relocation of cultural identity. In: Cresswell T and Dixon D (eds) Engaging Film: Geographies of Mobility And Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 94-122.
134.
Sobchack V. ( 2004) Carnal Thoughts, Embodiment and Moving Image Culture . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
135.
Spinney J. ( 2008) Cycling the city: Movement, meaning and practice . PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London.
Tapsell S., Tunstall S., House M., Whomsley J. and Macnaghten P. ( 2001) Growing up with rivers? Rivers in London children’s worlds. Area33: 177-189.
138.
Thomas H. ( 1997) Dance in the City. New York : St. Martin’s Press.
139.
Thrift N. ( 2008) Non-representational Theory: Space, Politics, Affect . New York: Routledge.
140.
Trinh TM-H (1989) Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
141.
Turner T. ( 1992) Defiant images: The Kayapo appropriation of video . Anthropology Today8: 5-16.
142.
Urry J. ( 1990) The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies . London: SAGE.
143.
Wardle E.(2009) Alone in the Wild. London: Channel4.
144.
White SA ( 2003) Participatory Video: Images That Transform and Empower . London: SAGE.
145.
Witmore CL ( 2005) Four archaeological engagements with place: Mediating bodily experience through peripatetic video. Visual Anthropology Review20: 51-71.
146.
Wood D. ( 1994) Outside of nothing: The place of community in The Outsiders . In: Aitken SC and Zonn L (eds) Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 101-117.
147.
Worth S. and Adair J. ( 1972) Through Navajo Eyes; An Exploration in Film Communication and Anthropology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
148.
Yorke M. ( 2005) Holy Men and Fools. London: Upside Films.
149.
Youngs MJ ( 1980) Cultural Geography: An Introduction and Guide to the Use of Films in Research. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Graduate School of Geography.
150.
Zonn L. and Winchell D. ( 2002) Smoke signals: Locating Sherman Alexie’s narratives of American Indian identity. In: Cresswell T and Dixon D (eds) Engaging Film: Geographies of Mobility and Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 140-158.