The mechanical responses including damage mechanisms for surface and interior parts of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composite have been analyzed by the multi-scale finite element method. Based on fabric architecture and fiber volume fraction in the three-dimensional orthogonal woven composite, the meso-scale repeating unit cells model and micro-scale repeating unit cell model are established. The periodic boundary conditions are applied to the micro-repeating unit cell and meso-repeating unit cell models. Appropriate failure criteria and a post-damage constitutive model are used to simulate the failures of fiber/fiber-bundles and resin in the micro/meso-scale repeating unit cells. A new elastic material model with damage propagation is defined with the user-defined material subroutine in commercial finite element software package ABAQUS/Standard. Mechanical behaviors including initiation and propagation of damage in micro/meso repeating unit cells under different loadings have been simulated with the user-defined material subroutine and the ABAQUS/Standard. The simulation results are compared with the experimental observations and they are in good agreement.
DickinsonLCMohamedMHBogdanovichAE. 3D weaving: what, how, and where. In: 44th International sampe symposium, Long Beach, CA, 1999.
2.
DickinsonLCMohamedMH. Recent advances in 3D weaving for textile performing. In: Proceedings of the ASME Aerospace Division, 2000, pp.3–8.
3.
MohamedMHBogdanovichAEDickinsonLC. A new generation of 3D woven fabric performs and composites. ASME J2001, 37(3): 8–17.
4.
BogdanovichAESingletaryJN. Ballistic performance and application of 3-D woven fabrics and composite. In: 9th European conference on composite materials, ECCM9, Brighton, UK, 2000.
5.
SingletaryJBogdanovichAECoffeltR. Ballistic performance of 3-D woven polymer composites in integral armor. In: 16th technical conference ASC 2001, Blackshurg, VA, 2001.
6.
MohamedMHSchartowRWKnouffBJ. Light weight composites for automotives applications. In: 48th international SAME symposium and exhibition, Long Beach, CA, 2003.
7.
StobbeDMohamedMH. 3D woven composites: cost and performance viability in commercial applications. In: 48th international SAMPE symposium and exhibition, Long Beach, CA, 2003.
8.
MohamedMHBogdanovichAECoffeltR. Manufacturing, performance and application of 3-D orthogonal woven fabrics. In: Textile Institute 84th annual world conference, Raleigh, NC, 2005.
9.
BogdanovichAECoffeltRGroganJ. Integral 3-D woven S-2 glass fabric composites for ballistic armor systems. In: 26th international SAMPE europe conference, Paris, 2005.
10.
WigentDSharpKBogdanovichAE. Integrated thermal management in materials based on 3-D woven performs and co-infusion RTM. In: SAMPE 2006 technical conference, Long Beach, CA, 2006.
11.
WigentDBogdanovichAERusselT. Functionally gradient CMCs for reusable structural TPS. In: SAMPE 2006 technical conference, ITAR restricted session, Long Beach, CA, 2006
12.
MohanmedMHWetzelKK. 3D woven carbon/glass hybrid spar cap for wind turbine rotor blade. Trans ASME, J Solar Energy Eng2006: 128; 562–573.
GroganJTekalurSAShuklaA. Ballistic resistance of 3D and 3D woven sandwich composites. J Sandwich Struct Mater2007; 9(3): 283–302.
15.
BogdanovichAE. Advancements in manufacturing and application of 3D woven performs and composites. In: The 16th international conference on composites materials (ICCM-16), Kyoto, 2007.
16.
SharpKBogdanovichAETangW. High through-thickness woven fiber architectures. AIAA J2008; 46(11); 2944–2954.
17.
ChouSChenHEChenHC. Effect of weave structure on mechanical fracture-behavior of 3-dimensional carbon-fibre fabric reinforced epoxy-resin composites. Comp Sci Technol1992; 45(1): 23–35.
18.
TongLYTanPStevenGP. Effect of yarn waviness on strength of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composite materials. J Reinforced Plastics Comp2002; 21(2): 153–173.
19.
CallusPJMouritzA PBannisterMK. Tensile properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven GRP composites. Comp Part A: Appl Sci Mfg1999; 30(11): 1277–1287.
20.
LeeLRudov-ClarkSMouritzAP. Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites. Comp Structs2002; 57(1–4): 405–413.
21.
Rudov-ClarkSMourtizAPLeeL. Fibre damage in the manufacture of advanced three-dimensional woven composites. Comp Part A2003; 34(10): 963–970.
22.
TanPTongLYStevenGP. Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part I. Experimental investigation. Comp Part A2000; 31(3): 259–271.
23.
QuinnJPMellhaggerATMcIlhaggerR. Examination of the failure of 3D woven composites. CompPart A; Appl Sci MFG2008; 39(2): 273–283.
24.
Rudov-ClarkSMouritzAP. Tensile fatigue properties of a 3D orthogonal woven composite. Comp Part A: Appl Sci Mfg2008; 39(6): 1018–1024.
25.
ChenXZaniniI. An experimental investigation into the structure and mechanical properties of 3D woven orthogonal structures. J Text Inst1997; 88(4): 449–464.
26.
BaucomJNZikryMA. Evolution of failure mechanisms in 2D and 3D woven composite systems under quasi-static perforation. J Comp Mater2003; 37(18): 1651–1674.
KuoWSKoTHChenCP. Effect of weaving processes on compressive behavior of 3D woven composites. Comp Part A: Appl Sci Mfg2007; 38(2): 555–565.
29.
EndruweitALongAC. Analysis of compressibility and permeability of selected 3D woven reinforcements. J Comp Mater2010; 44(24): 2833–2862.
30.
OgasawaraTIshikawaTYokozekiT. Effect of on-axis tensile loading on shear properties of an orthogonal 3D woven SiC/SiC composite. Comp Sci Technol2005, 65(15–16): 2541–2549.
31.
KimSJJiKHPaikSH. Numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of composite structures by supercomputing technology. Advd Comp Mater2008, 17(4): 373–407.
32.
LeeCSChungSWShinH. Virtual material characterization of 3D orthogonal woven composite materials by large-scale computing. J Comp Mater2005; 39(10): 851–863.
33.
ChouTW. Microstructural design of fiber composites. Micromech Advd Mater1995; 413–419.
TanPTongLYStevenGP. Mechanical behavior for 3D orthogonal woven E-glass/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plastics Comp2001; 20(4): 274–303.
36.
TanPTongLStevenGP. Modeling approaches for 3D orthogonal woven composites. J Reinf Plastics Comp1998; 17(6): 545–577.
37.
TanPTongLStevenGP. Models for predicting thermo-mechanical properties of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites. J Reinf Plastics Comp1999, 18(2): 151–185.
38.
TanPTongLYStevenGP. Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part II. FEA and analytical modeling approaches. Comp: Part A2000; 31(3): 273–281.
39.
BogdanovichAE. Multi-scale modeling, stress and failure analyses of 3-D woven composites. J Mater Sci2006; 41(20): 6547–6590.
40.
BogdanovichAE. Progressive failure modeling and strength predictions of 3-D woven composites. Recent Adv Textile Comp2008; 535: 247–254.
41.
LiLYWenPHAliabadiMH. Meshfree modeling and homogenization of 3D orthogonal woven composites. Comp Sci Technol2011; 71(15): 1777–1788.
42.
RömeltPCunninghamPR. A multi-scale finite element approach for modeling damage progression in woven composite structures. Comp Structs2012; 94(3): 977–986.
43.
KarkkainenRLTzengJTMicromechanical strength modeling and investigation of stitch density effects on 3D orthogonal composites. J Comp Mater2009; 43(25): 3125–3142.
44.
AnsarMWangXWZhouCW. Modeling strategies of 3D woven composites: A review. Comp Structs2011; 93(8): 1947–1963.
45.
NeedlemanATvergaardV. Comparison of crystal plasticity and isotropic hardening predictions for metal-matrix composites. J Appl Mech Trans ASME1993; 60(1): 70–76.
46.
SunCTVaidyaRS. Prediction of composite properties, from a representative volume element. Comp Sci Technol1996; 56(2): 171–179.
47.
SuquetP. Elements of homogenization theory for inelastic solid mechanics. In: Sanchez-PalenciaEZaouiA (eds) Homogenization techniques for composite media. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987, pp.194–275.
48.
AnthoineA. Derivation of the in-plane elastic characteristics of masonry through homogenization theory. Int J Solids Struct1995; 32(2): 2–6, 137.
49.
XiaZZhangYEllyinF. A unified periodical boundary conditions for representative volume elements of composites and applications. Int J Solids Structs2003; 40(8): 1907–1921.
50.
XiaZHZhouCWYongQL. On selection of repeated unit cell model and application of unified periodic boundary conditions in micro-mechanical analysis of composites. Int J Solids Structs2006; 43(2): 266–278.
51.
LiS. General unit cells for micromechanical analyses of unidirectional composites. Comp Part A: Appl Sci Mfg2001; 32(6): 815–826.
52.
AboudiJ. The generalized method of cells and high-fidelity generalized method of cells micromechanical models – a review. Mech Advd Mater Structs2004; 11(4–5): 329–366.
53.
JanssonS. Homogenized nonlinear constitutive properties and local stress–concentrations for composites with periodic internal structure. Int J Solids Structs1992; 29(17): 2181–2200.
54.
TaliercioA. Generalized plane strain finite element model for the analysis of elastoplastic composites. Int J Solids Structs2005; 42(8): 2361–2379.
55.
ZhangYFXiaZHEllyinF. Nonlinear viscoelastic micromechanical analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer laminates with damage evolution. Int J Solids Structs2005; 42(2): 591–604.
56.
EllyinFXiaZHZhangYF. Micro/meso-analysis of polymer composites with damage evolution. Adv Engng Structs, Mech Constr2006; 140: 505–516, 866.
57.
ZhangYFXiaZHEllyinF. Viscoelastic and damage analyses of fibrous polymer laminates by micro/meso-mechanical modeling. J Comp Mater2005; 39(22): 2001–2022.
58.
KaramiGAbolfathiNNaikA. A micromechanical characterization of angular bidirectional fibrous composites. Comp Mater Sci2008; 43(4): 1193–1206.
59.
ZhangYFXiaZHEllyinF. Two-scale analysis of a filament-wound cylindrical structure and application of periodic boundary conditions. Int J Solids Structs2008. 45(20): 5322–5336.
60.
WangXFWangXWZhouGM. Multi-scale analyses of 3D woven composite based on periodicity boundary conditions. J Comp Mater2007; 41(14): 1773–1788.
61.
Haj-AliRMMulianaAH. A multi-scale constitutive formulation for the nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of laminated composite materials and structures. Int J Solids Structs2004; 41(13): 3461–3490.
62.
IvanovITabieiA. Three-dimensional computational micro-mechanical model for woven fabric composites. Comp Structs2001; 54(4): 489–496.
63.
CarvelliVPoggiC. Numerical prediction of the mechanical properties of woven fabric composites. In: ICCM-13, Beijing, China.
64.
StankowskiTEtseGRunessonK. Composite analysis with discrete and smeared crack concepts. Fract Mech Concr Structs1992: 269–274.
65.
XiaZHHuYFEllyinF. Deformation behavior of an epoxy resin subject to multiaxial loadings. Part I: Experimental investigations. Polym Engng Sci2003; 43(3): 721–733.
66.
XiaZHHuYFEllyinF. Deformation behavior of an epoxy resin subject to multiaxial loadings. Part II: Constitutive modeling and predictions. Polym Engng Sci2003; 43(3): 734–748.
67.
McCarthyCTVaughanTJ. A combined experimental-numerical approach for generating statistically equivalent fibre distributions for high strength laminated composite materials. Comp Sci Technol2010; 70(2): 291–297.
