Dynamic modeling of power network-integrated wind turbine

Abstract

This paper presents the performance investigation of voltage and current for dynamic model of the wind turbine. In this study, the various numbers of wind turbine speed are applied in the simulation. This treatment is intended to see how much influence the turbine speed has on the voltage and current output. IEEE 14 bus system is integrated to the wind turbine in order to observe the impact of on-grid connection to the voltage and current performance. How to model wind turbine in PSCAD simulation software also discussed in this paper. The detail of supporting components in designing a wind turbine system and their functions are also explained. Several values of turbine speed are also considered in this paper as a study material in seeing the performance of wind turbines. The relationship between wind speed and pitch angle will also be discussed to ensure that the wind turbine is not damaged. In order to prove the accuracy of the simulation model, the obtained measurement generation of active power from the wind turbine is matched with the manual calculation. Based on the various wind speed values that have been tested, this can be the basis for the application of wind turbine (renewable energy) design development for further research.

Keywords

Wind turbine renewable energy dynamic model wind speed pitch angle IEEE 14 bus system

Introduction

The issue about emission carbon (CO2) has been raised in the last decade. The main contribution of the emitted carbon and greenhouse effect already discussed in paper (Giovannini and Pain, 1990; Panwar et al., 2011; Schafer, 1998). The crucial data from these papers shows that 37% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, 80% was contributed from energy uses. Another paper in (Demirbas, 2007), compare the conventional technologies (electrical generation using fuel fossil) with the solar power generation. It was shown that the renewable energy able to reduce carbon emission 100–230 gC/kWh. So, renewable energy is a type of energy that can be replenished and can be renewed due to the source of this energy is from natural sources around us. Another reason why renewable energy is needed in the future due to fossil fuel will finish in 1 day, as mention in the papers (Bull, 2001; Lund, 2007). It is very crucial to find alternative energy in order to replace the fossil fuel. There are several types of renewable energy that are being used right now such as wind energy, thermal energy, biomass energy, and solar energy. Wind energy is one of the famous renewable energy due to it is from wind that can be found anywhere. These sources can be used to generate electricity using suitable systems such as hydroelectric systems that generate electricity from water, solar systems that generate electricity from sunlight, windmill systems that generate electricity from wind sources and many other sources. The generated energy is usually used in four fields or area which are water heating or cooling area, transportation area, electricity generation and rural energy services. The analysis that has been done by International Energy agency (IEA) in 2017, 24% of the world power demand was supplied by renewable energy. This percentages of the power renewable power source supplies expected to increase to 30% in the years 2023. Hydropower remains the largest renewable source with a 16% contribution of global electricity, followed a 6% by wind energy, 4% by solar PV and 3% by bioenergy (Ibrahim, 2014). Other papers (Bölük and Mert, 2014; Olivier et al., 2012) mention that 90% of the greenhouse effect comes from burning fossil fuels.

However, in developing countries that are still in the early stages of industrial development, there will be scaling effects and pollution. This is due to imperfect and inefficient industrial regulation in developing countries (Panayotou, 2016). On the other hand, an increase in per capita income will cause the production system to develop rapidly. This results in changes in output and input. Subsequent developments will also affect the agrarian movement to industry and service businesses which will reduce pollution gradually (Hussen, 2012). In addition, with the growth of a country, technological developments will replace cleaner technology in the production process (Bouvier, 2004).

From several reviews that have been carried out, green technology has begun to be developed in several countries in line with technological developments and the need for higher electricity to support the growth of the industry. Such as the development of renewable energy in African countries as described in the paper (Karekezi et al., 2003).

Discussion on the development of renewable energy in Malaysia has also been published in a paper (Ahmad et al., 2011). The Malaysian government has considered various situations that may be faced in the long term. Various programs and solutions called the Malaysian Fit-in Tariff (FiT) were also implemented in 2011. This paper also discusses the potential for renewable energy in Malaysia.

The discussion on renewable energy has also been presented in the paper (Alagappan et al., 2011). According to this paper, renewable power generation has the highest percentage of total installed capacity in the market using Feed in Tariff (FiT). One of the renewable energy options that has many advantages is wind turbines, as described in a paper (Thresher, 2018). Wind energy is energy that is pollution-free and competitive when developed with modern technology. In short sentences, it can be explained that the energy available in the wind is converted into electricity or mechanical power through the use of wind turbines. The wind turbine consideration also mentions in paper (Elavarasan et al., 2020; Sherif et al., 2005). These papers shows that 27% of growth in India was contribute by wind turbine. It is means that wind turbine effective to change the number of electricity generation of fuel fossil. Along with the development of this technology, several studies on wind turbines have been discussed in a review paper (Chen et al., 2009). To improve the performance of wind turbines, turbine design has also undergone several stages of development, as presented in paper (Agbezudor and Amedorme, 2013). Based on this research, to enhanced wind power extraction, high rotor effectiveness is desirable and should be maximized within the boundaries of affordable manufacturing. Energy (P) is conveyed as a total of its kinetic energy via moving air. However, this paper was not presented the detail data of wind turbine speed. In order to support the simulation data of this paper, paper (Cianetti et al., 2018) was adopted. The models the wind turbine type 3 in PSCAD. The function of the wind turbine is that the usable air produces maximum power without increasing the equipment level. Some limits occur at zero energy–when the wind speed drops under 4 m/s and the air movement rises over 25 m/s. The average velocity is 11 m/s.

On the other hand, some researcher was focusing in DTR system to improve the integration of wind energy in (Lai and Teh, 2022; Teh et al., 2018) [“Comprehensive review of the dynamic thermal rating system for sustainable electrical power systems,” Energy Reports] and [“Prospects of using the dynamic thermal rating system for reliable electrical networks: A review,” IEEE Access], owing to the DTR system ability to improve network capacity by 30%–50%. Hence, the DTR system can delay/avoid the building of new transmission corridors and it can be achieved at a fraction of the cost of other equivalent methods. Other studies that combine the DTR system with other technologies such as DR and BESS has also been performed before to improve wind integration, as shown in [“Reliability impact of dynamic thermal rating system in wind power integrated network,” IEEE Trans Reliability], [“Reliability impacts of the dynamic thermal rating and battery energy storage systems on wind-integrated power networks,” SEGAN], [“Optimum network ageing and battery sizing for improved wind penetration and reliability,” IEEE Access], [“Integration of wind and demand response for optimum generation reliability, cost and carbon emission,” IEEE Access] and [“Network topology optimisation based on dynamic thermal rating and battery storage systems for improved wind penetration and reliability,” Applied Energy]. Given that the DTR system is important and hasn’t been included in the model, I think it is important that the author additionally include the DTR system in their model and study or, the authors can choose to provide a qualitative discussion on how the DTR system can be used to improve their model and how it can affect their results.

Based on the above discussion, this paper presents the voltage and current assessment based on the various wind turbine speed. To observe the performance of voltage and current, the wind turbine is integrated with IEEE 14 bus system. How to design the dynamic model of a wind turbine by using the PSCAD simulation program also discussed in section 2. This paper will focus to discuss the correlation various speeds of wind turbine, duration time, pitch angle, voltage, and current output. This investigation was run by using the transient elements from the PSCAD library.

Methodology of the research

General stage of methodology of the research is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Flowchart.

The work is started from the design the wind turbine and IEEE 14 bus system in the PSCAD. Some of the component of the wind turbine was adopted from (Cianetti et al., 2018) as references. Before connecting the wind turbine, it is very crucial to make sure that wind turbine and IEEE 14 bus system have been running well separately. The various of speed will applied in order to observe the impact of the speed to the voltage and current output. In order to prove that the simulation design has the correct output, the manual calculation and simulation result of the power will match. The discussion of the obtained result is another important part of this paper. The detail of the proposed design of the wind turbine are explained as follows.

The proposed design of dynamic wind turbine

This section has focus on how to design dynamic wind turbine integrated with 14 bus IEEE system network. The main component that uses to build the wind turbine is wind mode, wind turbine, synchronous machine, rectifier and voltage source inverter, and the power electronic control. How to construct a model of wind turbine in PSCAD with their component was adopted from paper (Cianetti et al., 2018). The output current of the wind turbine multiple by the number of units that exist in the wind farm. In this design, the wind farm has 60 unit. The output current also will be multiple by the number of units which is 60 and the output will be injected to the power system through current sources. The nominal wind speed input is used 11 m/s.

Wind turbine component

Type-3 wind turbine generator (WTG) is also known as Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Modeling of wind turbine in PSCAD: (a) mechanical system and (b) electrical system.

The WTG can be described in two form of the separate system which is in mechanical system and electrical system as shown in Figure 2(a) and (b), respectively. The mechanical system consists of wind turbine and pitch angle controller, while the electrical system consists of grid-side converter and control, rotor-side converter and control DC link system, and low pass filter. Mechanical system can extract the power at the maximum rate from wind and yield or produce mechanical torque. After that, the electrical system, will convert the mechanical torque to the electrical one and thus electric power. The connection between mechanical and electrical system is the induction machine.

Component of dynamic wind turbine

This prototype of wind turbines was designed to include blade installation (two or three rotor), speed ratio, energy coefficient, and sweeping region and radius of the edge. Shaft dynamics are not considered in this design and can be used in combination with the method of the wind power. Inputs are the air velocity (Vω) and the electrical velocity of the turbine (ω). Beta is the pitch angle and is reached in degrees of the turbine blades. Tm and P, depending on the value of the system, are the per unit performance and power torque. There are two type of turbine model which are first a two blade (MOD 5) and another one is three blades (MOD 2).

Wind turbine

The input of this wind turbine is Vω means wind speed in (m/s), ω means the mechanical speed of machine in (rad/s) and Beta means pitch angle in degree. For the output parameter of wind turbine, first is Tm refers for the output torque of wind turbine in per unit and another output is P means output power of wind turbine in per unit (pu). The wind turbine model output and input signal can be seen in Table 1 below.

Table 1.

Wind turbine model output and input signal.

Inputs
Symbol	Definition	Values
Start	Enable signal when IM connected to the grid this signal starts the wind turbine
ω_D	Initial mechanical speed of Induction machine (pu)	Signal
V_ω	Wind speed [m/s]	Signal
ω_m	Measured mechanical speed of IM (pu)	Signal
P_pu	Measured mechanical power of IM (pu)	5.5
Output
T_m	Mechanical output torque of wind turbine (pu)	Signal
P_ref	Mechanical output power of wind turbine (pu)	Signal

The main function of the wind turbine without violating equipment specifications is to extract maximum energy out of the air generated. Certain restrictions occur if zero power operation, when the wind velocity is less than 4 m/s. When the air reaches 25 m/s. The average wind speed is 11 m/s and the mechanical output of wind turbine are calculated by using the following formulation:

P = \frac{ρ}{2} \times A_{r} \times V_{ω^{3}} \times C_{p} (λ, θ)

(1)

Where:

P: mechanical power extracted from wind turbine.

$A_{r} :$ Area swept by rotor blade.

$V_{ω} :$ Wind speed in m/s.

$λ$ : tip speed ratio.

$θ :$ Pitch angle.

$C_{p} :$ Power coefficient (provide by the manufacture that set curve relating $C_{p}$ to $λ$ with $θ$ paramneter.

Pitch angle controller

It has two situation that depend on the wind speed. First situation is when the wind speed is below the rated wind speed, the available mechanical power is smaller than rated electrical power of induction machine. Therefore, the operating strategy is to capture as much as power that possible. This situation can be achieved by setting the pitch angle to its minimum value which 0°. Second situation is when the wind speed is exceeding the rated speed, the available mechanical power is exceeding the rated induction machine. The power delivers to the electrical system limited by reducing the effective area of blade, this situation can be achieved by increase the pitch angle between 0°and 25°.

Wind TRQ (Wind turbine torque)

The main function of the wind turbine is to extract maximum power from available wind without exceeding the rating of the equipment. Some limitations exist at zero-power operation. When the wind speed is lower than 4 m/s, and when there is excessive wind, with wind speeds higher than 25 m/s. The nominal wind speed is 11 m/s.

External electrical node (Xnode) and circuit breaker

The Xnode is used to make external electrical connection with electrical system. Circuit breaker is function to simulate three phase circuit breaker operation. When breaker logic 0 = ON (closed) and when 1 = OFF (open).

Wound rotor induction machine

The electrical part of this project consists of induction machine and AC-DC-AC converter. The induction machine will be started in speed control mode as the input of “s” will be set to 1. The “ω” input value run at ωo speed in speed control mode. But the ideally speed should setup close to final steady state rotating speed which is 1.2 pu. When the induction machine is synchronized to the grid the S will turn to zero and it operates in torque control mode.

Where:

W: Speed input in per-unit. When machine is in speed control mode the machine runs at W0 speed.

S: A switch to select speed control mode (1) or torque control mode (0).

T: Torque input in per-unit. If the machine is in torque control mode then the machine computes the speed based on the inertia and damping coefficient, the input and output torque.

AC-DC-AC converter

In the AC-DC-AC Converter is illustrated in Figure 3, it consists of rotor side converter, grid-side converter, DC link system, grid-side control, and rotor side control. The function of grid side converter is to control the DC bus voltage, while rotor side or generator converter control active and reactive power by controlling current of the rotor circuit. Both are operating as voltage source converters.

Figure 3.

Figure show the converter.

Wind farm and IEEE 14 bus system

In order to observe the performance of the wind farm, the wind turbine also connected to the IEEE 14 bus system. By using IEEE-bus systems to introduce fresh concepts and ideas. As shown in Figure 4, the system contains of the loads, condensation benches, transmitters, and generators. It is a classical power system consisting of 2 PV buses in which bus 1. It has 3 synchronous condensers in buses 3, 6, 8 that function to provide reactive energy support. There are also 11 bus loads and 19 lines. Figure 4 shows a single line template for the 14-bus network connected wind turbine in PSCAD.

Figure 4.

Wind farm model connected with IEEE 14 bus system in PSCAD.

Result and discussions

This section is discussing the output of dynamic wind turbine integrated with IEEE 14 bus system. The impact of various speed of wind turbine also discussed in this section.

Output generated from wind turbine

In this research, the output of wind turbine with different wind speed have been recorded. The value wind speed that has been selected is 1, 4, 11, 18, and 25 m/s. Why this different wind speed had been selected is to observe how the pitch angle system react due to different wind speed to control the power output generate by the wind turbine. Simulation result from different wind speed has been recorded in 4.2.1 (A, B, C, D, E).

Wind speed: 1 m/s

The output of wind turbine depends on wind speed. Table 2 shows the obtained result when the wind speed is set to 1 m/s in the simulation.

Table 2.

The input and output values when wind speed at 1 m/s.

Time (s)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
1	1.1044	0.1522
4	0.4614	0.0965
5.15	0.076	0.0523
8	0.3422	0.047
27	0.118	0.148

From Table 2, the pitch angle of the wind is always 0° means that the operating system will capture as much as power as possible. The wind speed is 1 m/s, therefore it will generate as much power as possible because the turbine can support to generate power with this speed.

From Figure 5, it shows that time taken to take the output data is between 1 and 30 seconds. However, from the graph the stable output data only occurs between time 17 and 30 seconds. Therefore, the stable data can be seen at time 27 seconds which the current output for wind turbine is 0.118 kA and voltage output is 0.148 kV.

Figure 5.

Input and output signal when wind speed at 1 m/s.

Wind speed: 4 m/s

The next observation was done for wind speed 4 m/s. From the simulation result, various time can be seen in Table 3 below.

Table 3.

The input and output values when wind speed at 4 m/s.

Time (s)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
1	1.0998	0.1528
4	0.3392	0.08373
5.15	0.0563	0.02813
8	0.3607	0.05895
27	0.1080	0.1534

From Table 3, the pitch angle of the wind is always 0° means that the operating system will capture as much as power as possible. The minimum of wind speed is 4 m/s, therefore it will generate as much power as possible because the turbine can support to generate power with this speed.

Based on Figure 6, it shows that time taken to take the output data is between 1 and 30 seconds. But, from the graph the stable output data only occurs between time 20 and 30 seconds. Therefore, the stable data can be seen at time 27 seconds which the current output for wind turbine is 0.1080 kA and voltage output is 0.1534 kV.

Figure 6.

Input and output signal when wind speed at 4 m/s.

Wind speed: 11 m/s

In section 3.1.3, discuss about output of wind turbine depend on wind speed 11 m/s. From Table 4, the pitch angle of the wind is always 0° means that the operating system will capture as much as power as possible. The ideal of wind speed is 11 m/s, therefore it will generate as much power as possible because the turbine can support to generate power with this speed.

Table 4.

The input and output values when wind speed at 11 m/s.

Time (s)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
1	1.1334	0.1509
4	1.0711	0.14989
5.15	0.8025	0.1250
8	0.8213	0.1291
27	0.6135	0.1068

The detail signal input and output are illustrated in Figure 7. It shows that time taken to take the output data is between 1 and 30 seconds. But, from the graph the stable output data only occurs between time 23 and 30 seconds. Therefore, the stable data can be seen at time 27 seconds which the current output for wind turbine is 0.6135 kA and voltage output is 0.1068 kV.

Figure 7.

Input and output signal when wind speed at 11 m/s.

Wind speed: 18 m/s

In this section, the obtained result of voltage and current during wind speed 18 m/s is shows in Table 5. This table shows the pitch angle is increase from 1 to 5.15 seconds. This function reducing the effective area of blade; therefore, the power delivers to the electrical system can be controlled so the turbine will not break. After 8 second, the pitch angle was decrease because the system starts to stable at time 25 seconds and above.

Table 5.

The input and output values when wind speed at 18 m/s.

Time (s)	Pitch angle (°)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
1	0	7.6184	0.3423
4	18.5	11.0135	0.3353
5.15	30	9.5427	0.3579
8	27.01	0.5995	0.1045
27	22.27	0.6485	0.1026

In the Figure 8, it shows that time taken to take the output data is between 1 and 30 seconds. But, from the graph it shows that the stable data can be seen at time 27 seconds with pitch angle 22.27° which the current output for wind turbine is 0.6485° kA and voltage output is 0.1026 kV.

Figure 8.

Input and output signal when wind speed at 18 m/s.

Wind speed: 25 m/s

In this section, the speed of the wind turbine was increased again until 25 m/s. Based on the simulation result by using PSCAD, the impact of the output current and voltage are shown in Table 6 below.

Table 6.

The input and output values when wind speed at 25 m/s.

Time (s)	Pitch angle (°)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
1	0	10.874	0.3156
4	18.49	12.166	0.1280
5.15	30	10.708	0.2110
8	30	8.784	0.1305
27	30	0.668	0.1023

Based on the values in Table 6, the pitch angle is increased between time 1and 5.15 seconds. The pitch angle increase is to reduce the effective area of the blade. Therefore, the power delivered to the electrical system can be controlled so the turbine will not broken.

Figure 9 illustrates the pitch angle is set to 0° between time 0 and 2.15 seconds. Between this time the operating system will capture as much as power as possible. During time 2.15 seconds until 5.15 seconds show that the pitch angle value is increase from 0° to 30° at this value it keeps constant until time 30 seconds. At this situation, wind speed is exceeding the rated speed, the available mechanical power is exceeding the rated induction machine. The power delivers to the electrical system limited by reducing the effective area of blade, this situation can be achieved by increase the pitch angle between 0°and 30° and above. The outcome of current and voltage also are like same as the ideal speed wind turbine outcome at 11 m/s. The stable data can be seen at time 25 seconds and above with pitch angle 30° which the current output for wind turbine is 0.668° kA and voltage output is 0.1023 kV. Based on the simulation result above, mostly the stable time to take the output data is at time 27 seconds and above.

Figure 9.

Input and output outcome when wind speed at 25 m/s.

Relation of wind speed and pitch angle to control the outcome

The main function of the wind turbine without violating equipment specifications is to extract maximum energy out of the air generated. Usually, the minimum wind speed is around 4 m/s. The average wind speed is 11 m/s. And the maximum wind speed that can support by wind turbine are about 25 m/s and below. Once wind speed is high than 25 m/s or reaches 50 mi per hour, the turbines are no longer safe to operate and are shut down. Up until that cut off point, the turbines are turning, producing power, letting some of the access energy from the wind pass by the blades and then if it gets too extreme again it will shut down. High wind speed does not always mean high production at state wind farms. Production increases the faster the wind speed but at a certain point, the turbines shut themselves off for safety. It can handle speeds up until then by angling the blades so they can take more wind without going faster. Pitch controls adjust the blades in wind turbines by rotating them so that they use the right fraction of the available wind energy to get the most power output, all the while ensuring the turbine does not exceed its maximum rotational speed. This maintains the turbine’s safety in the event of high winds, loss of electrical load, or other catastrophic events.

Table 7 has two situations that depend on the wind speed. First situation is when the wind speed is below the rated wind speed, the available mechanical power is smaller than rated electrical power of induction machine. Therefore, the operating strategy is to capture as much as power that possible. This situation can be achieved by setting the pitch angle to its minimum value which 0°. Second situation is when the wind speed is exceeding the rated speed, the available mechanical power is exceeding the rated induction machine. The power delivers to the electrical system limited by reducing the effective area of blade, this situation can be achieved by increase the pitch angle between 0° and 25° and above. Based on observation, the stable outcome result happens after 25 seconds and above. Therefore, this data of current and voltage output generated by the dynamic wind turbine was taken when the time is 27 seconds because it was in stable state. In this situation show the comparison of different wind speed and the pitch angle relationship to produce outcome voltage and current.

Table 7.

Relation of wind speed and pitch angle to control the outcome.

Time (s)	Wind speed (m/s)	Pitch angle (°)	Current output (kA)	Voltage output (kV)
27	1	0	0.148	0.118
27	4	0	0.1534	0.1080
27	11	0	0.1068	0.6135
27	18	22.27	0.1026	0.6485
27	25	30	0.1023	0.668

From the data of the obtained result, it can conclude the higher the wind speed, the higher the voltage output generated. When the wind speed increase from 1 to 11 m/s. The output voltage is increase from 0.118 to 0.6135 kV. The pitch angle is 0° because at this average speed it needs to capture as much power as possible. When, the wind speed is increase to 18 m/s the pitch angle is increase to 22.27° because it wants to control the output voltage and current. The output voltage and current at wind speed 18 m/s is like same as the output voltage at nominal/average wind speed (11 m/s). Same with the output result at the wind speed 25 m/s, the result of voltage and current generate is likely same as output voltage and current at nominal/average wind speed (11 m/s). The different is the pitch angle that increase to 30°. These mean that pitch angle play important role to adjust the blades in wind turbines by rotating them so that they use the right fraction of the available wind energy to get the most power output, all the while ensuring the turbine does not exceed its maximum rotational speed because it can damage the wind turbine.

Real/actual power output at time 27 seconds

To prove that the simulation result is correct, the real or actual power have been calculated using formula. Three situations were taken with different wind speed as shown in Table 8. The actual power output is likely same because of the pitch angle role to make sure that the turbine does not break as described in section 3.2.

Table 8.

Power output and phase angle at time 27 seconds.

No	Time (s)	Wind speed (m/s)	Phase angle (θ)	Actual power (P)
1	27	11	10.67°	4.7824 MW
2	27	18	10.665°	4.8137 MW
3	27	25	10.668°	4.9589 MW

The detail calculation for every number will shows in detail. Started with no 1, the data of V_an, V_bn, and V_cn were taken at time 27 seconds in the simulation result. Below shows the calculation for actual/real power output when wind speed 11 m/s.

P = |V_an||I_a| cos θ+|V_bn||I_b| cos θ+|V_cn||I_c| cos θ

P = |0.1196kV||0.728047kA| cos 10.67°+|0.5457kV||5.214296 kA|cos 10.67°+|0.42624 kV| |4.4862 kA| cos 10.67°

P = 0.08557 MW+2.7962 MW+1.87913 MW=4.7608 MW

Next, the calculation for actual power number 2. Below shows the calculation to calculate the actual/real power output when wind speed is 18 m/s.

P = |V_an||I_a| cos θ+|V_bn||I_b| cos θ+|V_cn||I_c| cos θ

P = |0.11784kV||0.75276 kA| cos 10.665°+|0.54236 kV||5.22398 kA|cos 10.665°+|0.42467 kV||4.487 kA| cos 10.665°

P = 0.08717 MW+2.78433 MW+1.87257 MW=4.74407 MW

The calculation for actual power number 3. Below show the calculation of actual/real power output when wind speed is 25 m/s.

P = |V_an||I_a| cos θ+|V_bn||I_b| cos θ+|V_cn||I_c| cos θ

P = |0.1184 kV||0.74394 kA| cos 10.668°+|0.5483 kV||5.4029 kA|cos 10.668°+|0.42988 kV||4.659 kA|cos 10.668°

P = 0.08656 MW+2.9112 MW+1.96819 MW = 4.96595 MW

From the above calculation, it is proven that the simulation is same with the theoretical. When the wind speed is 11 m/s, the wind turbine generates the actual power 4.7824 MW. It is matched with the first calculation which obtain the actual power 4.7608 MW. For calculation no 2, there is very small differences between calculation and simulation result around 0.06963. It is possible due to the value of phase angle reduce when the wind speed increase. However, if the decimal value only considers one number, it is clear that there are no differences between simulation and calculation values. From the Table 8 and the third row, it shows that the actual power has the same value with the calculation. It is followed by the third calculation which have the result 4.96595 MW. This value is very close to the actual power in Table 8.

Future work

For future work, thorough analysis on dynamic thermal rating (DTR) technique could be incorporated in this study to further improve the wind turbine system modeling (Lai and Teh, 2022). The DTR technique uses environmental circumstances to effectively calculate the thermal limitations of power components. Based on previous studies, the DTR technique has been proven to enhance wind energy integration due to its ability to increase network capacity up to 50% (Teh et al., 2018). In the context of wind integration, the DTR system could produce an optimal model in term of power generation and investment cost without the need to construct new transmission line systems. Moreover, various studies have been conducted in the past to improve wind integration by combining the DTR system with other technologies such as demand response (DR) and battery energy storage system (BESS) (Metwaly and Teh, 2020; Teh and Cotton, 2016; Teh and Lai, 2019). According to Ali et al. optimal coordination of DTR and DR in a distribution network could be advantageous for wind generation balancing (Ali et al., 2016). The DTR technique could be also incorporated in the future work of this study for developing a smart energy management system in relation with the optimal residential DR approach to balance the hourly wind power production. Further work on network topology optimization could also be performed in this study while utilizing the DTR and BESS concepts concurrently. As proven in previous research, this optimization technique is beneficial in terms of minimizing the network congestions, system operational costs and wind curtailment (Lai and Teh, 2022). For more accurate and practical analysis, the DTR system’s long-term and multi-area meteorological conditions must be considered apart from probabilistic formulations of the BESS energy capacity and power rating.

Conclusion

This paper has successfully designed a dynamic wind turbine in PSCAD software. Wind energy was used to represent renewable energy. To obtain the current, voltage and active power output, the wind speed values and all wind turbine parameters have been entered into the PSCAD software. The integration of the wind turbine and the IEEE 14 bus test system was also carried out to see the performance of the wind turbine. Various wind speeds are also simulated in this paper to analyze the performance of voltages and currents. From the results obtained, it shows that the value obtained is stable when the wind turbine speed reaches a value of 25 m/s with a duration of 27 seconds. From the results obtained, it can be ascertained that the safe wind speed conditions are not more than 25 m/s or reaching 50 mi per hour. Where the wind speed and pitch angle play an important role in controlling the output voltage and current. The simulation results and calculations prove that the PSCAD simulation is in accordance with the basic theory of the electric power system. The voltages are measured and rated successfully across the test network at PSCAD.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors thanks to the Airlangga University, Indonesia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for supporting this work through GGPM research grant (GGPM-2018-056).

ORCID iD

Lilik J Awalin

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