Analysis and Application of Log-Linear and Quantile Regression Models to Predict Bus Dwell Times

Understanding the key factors that contribute to transit travel times and travel-time variability is an essential part of transit planning and research. Delay that occurs when buses service bus stops, dwell time, is one of the main sources of travel-time variability and has therefore been the subject of ongoing research to identify and quantify its determinants. Previous research has focused on testing new variables using linear regressions that may be added to models to improve predictions. An important assumption of linear regression models used in past research efforts is homoscedasticity or the equal distribution of the residuals across all values of the predicted dwell times. The homoscedasticity assumption is usually violated in linear regression models of dwell time and this can lead to inconsistent and inefficient estimations of the independent variable coefficients. Log-linear models can sometimes correct for the lack of homoscedasticity, that is, for heteroscedasticity in the residual distribution. Quantile regressions, which predict the conditional quantiles, rather than the conditional mean, are non-parametric and therefore more robust estimators in the presence of heteroscedasticity. This research furthers the understanding of established dwell determinants using these novel approaches to estimate dwell and provides a relatively simple approach to improve existing models at bus stops with low average dwell times.