The heavy metal (HM) content and limited disposal options of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) pose significant environmental challenges. However, fly ash offers potential as a sustainable modifier in asphalt pavements. However, moisture susceptibility and long-term leaching necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of the material before its use. This research assessed the moisture-induced sensitivity and long-term leaching behavior of MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures, focusing on their practicality in moisture-laden environments. Dense-graded (DG) and gap-graded (GG) asphalt mixtures were prepared using conventional and MSWIFA-modified asphalt binders. The MSWIFA modification significantly enhanced moisture resistance in both aggregate gradations. The DG mixture with modified bitumen (DG-MB) achieved the highest tensile strength ratio (TSR) of 86%. The GG mixture with modified bitumen (GG-MB) did not meet the 80% TSR threshold, but outperformed the conventional GG, highlighting the role of MSWIFA in improving binder stiffness and asphalt–aggregate bonding. Dynamic modulus |E*| test results showed reduced stiffness loss and a higher |E*| stiffness ratio (ESR) in the MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures with DG-MB exhibiting 18% to 21% stiffness loss and ESRs up to 84%. The wheel tracking test for high-temperature performance revealed reduced rut depths in MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures. The overall leaching remained well below the regulatory limits for MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures, demonstrating effective immobilization by the asphalt binder conglomerate. Specifically, DG-MB mixtures achieved better immobilization of HM leaching compared with GG-MB. Overall, incorporating MSWIFA into asphalt mixtures was found to be a viable strategy for safely managing HM leaching and substantially reducing the environmental risk.
KokB. V.YilmazM.The Effects of Using Lime and Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene on Moisture Sensitivity Resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1999–2006.
2.
GhabchiR.SinghD.ZamanM.Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixes Containing RAP and Different Types of Aggregates and Asphalt Binders Using the Surface Free Energy Method. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 73, 2014, pp. 479–489.
3.
AkentunaM.LiuJ.MohammadL. N.SachdevaS.CooperS. B.IIICooperS. B.Jr. Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures: Conditioning and Testing Protocols. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2023. 2679(1): 776–786.
4.
ZhouY.PengZ.WangJ.WeiJ.LiuH.WangD.LiJ.A Review on Adhesion Behavior of Chip Seal Pavement and Aggregate. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), Vol. 11, No. 3, 2024, pp. 441–466.
5.
GuoX.SunM.DaiW.Analysis of Effective Pore Pressure in Asphalt Pavement Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Calculation. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2017, p. 1687814016685224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814016685224
6.
DinI. M. udMirM. S.FarooqM. A.Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Properties of Asphalt Pavements in Cold Regions: A Review. Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 48, 2020, pp. 3634–3641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.087
7.
CaroS.MasadE.BhasinA.ND.Little. Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures, Part 1: Mechanisms. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2008, pp. 81–98.
8.
OmarH. A.YusoffN. I. M.MubarakiM.CeylanH.Effects of Moisture Damage on Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), Vol. 7, No. 5, 2020, pp. 600–628.
9.
HicksR. G.Moisture Damage in Asphalt Concrete. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1991.
10.
TrejoD.PorterF.ChenJ.LeeH. W.Comparison of Pelletized Lime with Other Antistripping Additives. Oregon Department of Transportation. Research Section, OR, 2014.
11.
SoulimanM. I.HajjE. Y.SebaalyP. E.Impact of Antistrip Additives on the Long-Term Aging Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 8, 2015, p. C4014006.
12.
AmeriM.Ebrahimzadeh ShirazM.A Review of the Studies on the Effect of Different Additives on the Fatigue Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures. Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2024, No. 1, 2024, p. 6695747.
13.
CaputoP.AbeA. A.LoiseV.PortoM.CalandraP.AngelicoR.Oliviero RossiC.The Role of Additives in Warm Mix Asphalt Technology: An Insight into Their Mechanisms of Improving an Emerging Technology. Nanomaterials, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2020, p. 1202.
14.
YangC.WuS.CuiP.AmirkhanianS.ZhaoZ.WangF.ZhangL.WeiM.ZhouX.XieJ.Performance Characterization and Enhancement Mechanism of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures Involving High RAP Content and Steel Slag. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 336, 2022, p. 130484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130484
15.
ChenQ.GeT.LiX.LiX.WangC.Road Area Pollution Cleaning Technology for Asphalt Pavement: Literature Review and Research Propositions. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 493, 2025, p. 144975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144975
16.
SongY.XianX.ZhangC.ZhuF.YuB.LiuJ.Residual Municipal Solid Waste to Energy under Carbon Neutrality: Challenges and Perspectives for China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 198, 2023, p. 107177.
17.
ZouD.ChiY.FuC.DongJ.WangF.NiM.Co-Destruction of Organic Pollutants in Municipal Solid Waste Leachate and Dioxins in Fly Ash under Supercritical Water Using H2O2 as Oxidant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 248–249, 2013, pp. 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.005
18.
TasneemK. M.EunJ.NamB.Leaching Behaviour of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Mixed with Hot-Mix Asphalt and Portland Cement Concrete Used as Road Construction Materials. Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2017, pp. 687–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1186108
19.
HallesF. A.ThenouxG. Z.Degree of Influence of Active Fillers on Properties of Recycled Mixes with Foamed Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2009. 2095(1): 127–135.
20.
HuangB.ShuX.DongQ.ShenJ.Laboratory Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Hot-Mix Asphalt Containing Cementitious Fillers. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 7, 2010, pp. 667–673.
21.
XieJ.WuS.PangL.LinJ.ZhuZ.Influence of Surface Treated Fly Ash with Coupling Agent on Asphalt Mixture Moisture Damage. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 30, 2012, pp. 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.022
22.
AliN.ChanJ.SimmsS.BushmanR.BerganA.Mechanistic Evaluation of Fly Ash Asphalt Concrete Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1996, pp. 19–25.
23.
AsiI.Assa’adA.Effect of Jordanian Oil Shale Fly Ash on Asphalt Mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2005, pp. 553–559.
24.
MirkovićK.TošićN.MladenovićG.Effect of Different Types of Fly Ash on Properties of Asphalt Mixtures. Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2019, No. 1, 2019, p. 8107264.
25.
YanK.LiL.ZhengK.GeD.Research on Properties of Bitumen Mortar Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 218, 2019, pp. 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.151
26.
WoszukA.WróbelM.FranusW.Application of Zeolite Tuffs as Mineral Filler in Warm Mix Asphalt. Materials, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010019
27.
RomeoE.MantovaniL.TribaudinoM.MonteparaA.Reuse of Stabilized Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash in Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 8, 2018, p. 04018157.
28.
YangJ.-Z.YangY.LiY.ChenL.ZhangJ.DieQ.FangY.PanY.HuangQ.Leaching of Metals from Asphalt Pavement Incorporating Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, No. 27, 2018, pp. 27106–27111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2472-6
29.
JoumblatR.Al Basiouni Al MasriZ.ElkordiA.Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Fly Ash as Mineral Filler Substitution. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 5, 2023, pp. 1196–1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-022-00190-x
30.
XueY.HouH.ZhuS.ZhaJ.Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash in Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixture: Pavement Performance and Environmental Impact. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2009, pp. 989–996.
31.
KennedyT. W.RobertsF. L.AnagnosJ. N.Texas Boiling Test for Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures. Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, Texas Department of Transportation, TX, 1984.
32.
US EPA. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846 On-Line. US EPA, 1992. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846.
33.
ASTM D2487-06. Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
34.
ASTM. Standard Viscosity Temperature Chart for Asphalts. D2493-09. American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009.
35.
MoRTH. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways–Specifications for Road and Bridge Works. Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India, 2013.
36.
ZouF.LengZ.TanZ.LiD.HanM.LuG.SreeramA.Kinetics and Toxicological Potential of Heavy Metal Leaching from Asphalt Pavements. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 912, 2024, p. 169193.
37.
MoEF&CC. The Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules, The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi, India. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi, India, 2016.
38.
EditionF.Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. WHO Chronicle, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2011, pp. 104–108.
39.
StonexA.CarusoneJ. M.Development of Mix Design Procedures for Gap-Graded Asphalt- Rubber Asphalt Concrete. Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, AZ, 2007.
40.
The Asphalt Institute. Ms-2 Asphalt Mix Design Methods. Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY, 2014.
41.
AASHTO Designation: T 283-22. Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 20004.
42.
ASTM D3625/D3625M-12. Standard Practice for Effect of Water on Bituminous-Coated Aggregate Using Boiling Water. American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
43.
ChenZ.XieJ.XiaoY.ChenJ.WuS.Characteristics of Bonding Behavior between Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag and Asphalt Binder. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 64, 2014, pp. 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.074
44.
PathakS.ChoudharyR.KumarA.Investigation of Moisture Damage in Open Graded Asphalt Friction Course Mixtures with Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Slag as Coarse Aggregate under Acidic and Neutral pH Environments. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2020. 2674(8): 887–901.
45.
AASHTO T324-19. Standard Method of Test for Hamburg Wheel-Track Testing of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 20004.
46.
EPA, 1315. Mass Transfer Rates of Constituents in Monolithic or Compacted Granular Materials Using a Semi-Dynamic Tank Leaching Procedure. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 2013.
47.
US EPA. Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses. USEPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., 1985.
48.
BahiaH. U.Test Methods and Specification Criteria for Mineral Filler Used in Hot Mix Asphalt. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2011.
49.
ApeagyeiA. K.GrenfellJ. R.AireyG. D.Moisture-Induced Strength Degradation of Aggregate–Asphalt Mastic Bonds. Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 15, No. sup1, 2014, pp. 239–262.
50.
CuiS.BlackmanB. R. K.KinlochA. J.TaylorA. C.Durability of Asphalt Mixtures: Effect of Aggregate Type and Adhesion Promoters. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 54, 2014, pp. 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.05.009
51.
ZhangX.WangJ.ZhouX.ZhangZ.ChenX.Mechanical Properties of the Interfacial Bond between Asphalt-Binder and Aggregates under Different Aging Conditions. Materials, Vol. 14, No. 5, 2021, p. 1221.
52.
IS10500, Bureau of Indian Standards. Indian Standard Drinking Water–Specification (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 2012.
