Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is primarily secreted by monocytes/macrophages and activated T lymphocytes in response to fungal infections. TNF acts through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) triggering a pro-inflammatory response, and therefore plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and host immune responses. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNFR1 gene may influence the innate immune response against Aspergillus. Three SNPs were genotyped in 275 individuals (144 immunocompromised haematological patients with high-risk of developing IPA and 131 healthy controls): TNFR1-383(A/C) (rs2234649) and TNFR1-609(G/T) (rs4149570) in the 5′ UTR region, and TNFR1+36(A/G) SNP (rs767455) in the first exon of the gene. Of the 144 haematological patients, 77 patients developed Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) infection and the remaining 67 patients were not infected. TNFR1+36(A/G) and TNFR1-609(G/T) were associated with IPA susceptibility (p=0.033 and p=0.018, respectively). A role of TNFR1 genetic variants in the susceptibility of patients to develop IPA was also supported by the significantly lower TNFR1 mRNA expression level in IPA than in IPA-resistant patients and the strong correlation between the TNFR1-609 genetic variant and the expression levels of TNFR1. There was also a tendency for a higher frequency of galactomannan (GM) positivity in patients with TNFR1-609G/G genotype than in patients with TNFR1-609G/T (p=0.0909) or TNFR1-609T/T (p=0.0913) genotype. Predictive sequence analysis of the effects of TNFR1-609 promoter polymorphism revealed that this SNP might play a critical role in modifying the affinity of ICSBP/IRF-8, a transcription factor that is involved in the TNFR1-mediated activation of NFκB signalling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that TNFR1 polymorphisms influence the risk of IPA disease and might be useful for risk stratification strategies. These findings need to be confirmed in validation studies with larger samples of haematological patients.