Le trouble bipolaire (TB) est une maladie multifactorielle de présentation clinique hétérogène, en particulier au niveau de l'âge de début (ADD). La pertinence d'un tel indicateur a été discutée et il est proposé dans les futures classifications nosographiques.
Méthode:
Nous avons effectué la synthèse systématique des études de mélange de distributions (ou dites d'admixture) ainsi que les biomarqueurs du TB à début précoce (TBDP).
Résultats:
Plusieurs arguments cliniques montrent que le TBDP est un sous-groupe cliniquement homogène qui présente des caractéristiques sévères et récurrentes. Huit études de mélange ont démontré l'existence de trois sous-groupes de patients souffrant du TB selon l'ADD (précoce, intermédiaire, et tardif) avec deux valeurs seuils de 21 (21,33 ans [ET 1,41]) et 35 ans (34,67 ans [ET 5,52]). Le sous-groupe du TBDP est caractérisé par: un taux plus élevé de tentatives de suicide, des cycles rapides, des mésusages d'alcool et drogues, des symptômes psychotiques et des comorbidités anxieuses. Des données génétiques, biologiques, d'imagerie et cognitives peuvent être considérées comme étant des marqueurs possibles de validité externe du TBDP. L'ajout de l'ADD dans les algorithmes de décision thérapeutique pourrait être intéressant même si le niveau de preuve est à consolider.
Conclusion:
La fréquence importante du TBDP (44,80 %) devrait pousser les cliniciens à une plus grande vigilance afin qu'ils apportent des stratégies préventives, un diagnostic et un traitement précoce à ces patients au tableau clinique particulièrement sévère. Cette pertinence clinique fait que le prochain DSM-5 devrait inclure l'ADD en tant que caractéristique du TB.
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