Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition, revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1987.

Blanchard R. , Clemmensen L.H. , Steiner B.W. Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Arch Sex Behav 1987; 16: 139–152.

Green R. The “sissy boy syndrome” and the development of homosexuality. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1987.

Friedman R.C. Male homosexuality: a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

Shaffer D. , Campbell M. , Cantwell D. Child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in DSM-IV: issues facing the work group. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28: 830–835.

Zucker K.J. Gender identity disorder. In: Hooper S.R. , Hynd G.W. , Mattison R.E. , eds. Assessment and diagnosis of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: current issues and procedures, volume I. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum (in press).

Meyer-Bahlburg H.F.L. Gender identity disorder of childhood: introduction. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24: 681–683.

Fay R.E. , Turner C.F. , Klassen A.D. Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men. Science 1989; 243: 338–348.

Zucker K.J. Cross-gender-identified children. In: Steiner B.W. , ed. Gender dysphoria: development, research, management. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

Green R. Sexual identity conflict in children and adults. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Zucker K.J. Gender identity disorders. In: Last C.G. , Hersen M. , eds. Handbook of child psychiatric diagnosis. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

Green R. One-hundred ten feminine and masculine boys: behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities. Arch Sex Behav 1976; 5: 425–446.

Cicchetti D. The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Dev 1984; 55: 1–7.

Lothstein L.M. Selfobject failure and gender identity. In: Goldberg A. , ed. Frontiers in self psychology, volume 3. Hillsdale NJ: Analytic Press, 1988.

Zucker K.J. , Finegan J.K. , Doering R.W. Two subgroups of gender-problem children. Arch Sex Behav 1984; 13: 27–39.

Lothstein L.M. Female-to-male transsexualism: historical, clinical, and theoretical issues. Boston MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983: 248.

Rekers G.A. , Morey S.M. Sex-typed body movements as a function of severity of gender disturbance in boys. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 1989; 2: 183–196.

Zucker K.J. Psychosocial and erotic development in cross-gender identified children. Can J Psychiatry 1990; 35(6): 487–495.

Money J. , Russo A.J. Homosexual outcome of discordant gender identity/role longitudinal follow-up. J Pediatr Psychol 1979; 4: 29–41.

Zuger B. Early effeminate behavior in boys: outcome and significance for homosexuality. J Nerv Ment Dis 1984; 172: 90–97.

Davenport C.W. A follow-up study of 10 feminine boys. Arch Sex Behav 1986; 15: 511–517.

Zucker K.J. Gender identity disorders in children: clinical descriptions and natural history. In: Blanchard R. , Steiner B.W. , eds. Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. (in press).

Zucker K.J. , Bradley S.J. Gender identity and sexual orientation in cross-gender-identified children: a follow-up in adolescence. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Miami FL, February, 1989.

Bradley S.J. , Zucker K.J. , Gladding J. Gender-dysphoric adolescents: presenting and developmental characteristics. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry and Canadian Academy of Child Psychiatry, Toronto ON, October, 1984.

Green R. , Williams K. , Goodman M. Ninety-nine “tomboys” and “non-tomboys”: behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities. Arch Sex Behav 1982; 11: 247–266.

Zucker K.J. Girls with the gender identity disorder of childhood. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Sex Therapy and Research, Tucson AZ, March 1989.

Stoller R.J. Sex and gender, volume I. The development of masculinity and femininity. New York: Science House, 1968.

Stoller R.J. Sex and gender, volume II. The transsexual experiment. London: Hogarth Press, 1975.

Stoller R.J. Presentations of gender. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1985.

Rekers G.A. Assessment and treatment of childhood gender problems. In: Lahey B.B. , Kazdin A.E. , eds. Advances in clinical child psychology, volume 1. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.

Coates S. Extreme boyhood femininity: overview and new research findings. In: DeFries Z. , Friedman R.C. , Corn R. , eds. Sexuality: new perspectives. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1985.

Coates S. Ontogenesis of boyhood gender identity disorder. J Am Acad Psychoanal (in press).

Coates S. , Person E.S. Extreme boyhood femininity: isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24: 702–709.

Bates J.E. , Skilbeck W.M. , Smith K.V.R. Gender role abnormalities in boys: an analysis of clinical ratings. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1974; 2: 1–16.

Meyer-Bahlburg H.F.L. Psychoendocrine research on sexual orientation: current status and future options. Prog Brain Res 1984; 61: 375–398.

Gladue B.A. Psychobiological contributions. In: Diamant L. , ed. Male and female homosexuality: psychological approaches. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987.

Zucker K.J. , Green R. Gender identity disorders in children and adolescents. In: Lewis M. , ed. Child and adolescent psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins (in press).

Keverne E.B. , Vellucci S.V. Social, endocrine and pharmacological influences on primate sexual behavior. In: Sitsen J.M.A. , ed. Handbook of sexology, volume 6. The pharmacology and endocrinology of sexual function. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

Ehrhardt A.A. , Baker S.W. Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiation, and behavior sex differences. In: Friedman R.C. , Richart R.M. , Vande Wiele R.L. , eds. Sex differences in human behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974.

Berenbaum S.A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: intellectual and psychosexual functioning. In: Holmes C.S. , ed. Psychoneuroendocrinology: brain, behavior, and hormonal interactions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

Zucker K.J. , Bradley S.J. , Hughes H.E. Gender dysphoria in a child with true hermaphroditism. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32(7): 602–609.

Money J. Psychologic approach to psychosexual misidentity with elective mutism: sex reassignment in two cases of hyper-adrenocortical hermaphroditism. Clin Pediatr 1968: 7: 331–339.

Money J. , Schwartz M. , Lewis V.G. Adult erotosexual status and fetal hormonal masculinization and demasculinization: 46,XX congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and 46,XY androgen-insensitivity syndrome compared. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1984; 9: 405–414.

Dittman R.W. Pranatal wirksame Hormone und Verhaltensmerkmale von Patientinnen mit den beiden klassichen Varianten des 21-Hydroxylase-Defektes. New York: Peter Lang, 1989.

Mulaikal R.M. , Migeon C.J. , Rock J.A. Fertility rates in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 178–182.

Dörner G. Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and brain differentiation in heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals. Arch Sex Behav 1988; 17: 57–75.

Dörner G. , Rohde W. , Stahl F. A neuroendocrine predisposition for homosexuality in men. Arch Sex Behav 1975; 4: 1–8.

Gladue B.A. , Green R. , Hellman R.E. Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and sexual orientation. Science 1984; 225: 1496–1499.

Gooren L. The neuroendocrine response of luteinizing hormone to estrogen administration in heterosexual, homosexual and transsexual subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 583–588.

Hendricks S.E. , Graber B. , Rodriguez-Sierra J.F. Neuroendocrine responses to exogenous estrogen: no differences between heterosexual and homosexual men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989; 14 177–185.

Baum M.J. , Caroll R.S. , Erskine M.S. Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and sexual orientation (letter). Science 1985; 230: 960–961.

Gladue B.A. Hormones in relationship to homosexual/bisexual/heterosexual gender orientation. In: Sitsen J.M.A. , ed. Handbook of sexology, volume 6. The pharmacology and endocrinology of sexual function. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

Gooren L.J.G. An appraisal of endocrine theories of homosexuality and gender dysphoria. In: Sitsen J.M.A. , ed. Handbook of sexology, volume 6. The pharmacology and endocrinology of sexual function. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

Money J. Gay, straight, and in-between: the sexology of erotic orientation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Eaton W.O. , Enns L.R. Sex differences in human motor activity level. Psychol Bull 1986; 100: 19–28.

Money J. , Hampson J.G. , Hampson J.L. Imprinting and the establishment of gender role. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1957; 77: 333–336.

Imperato-McGinley J. , Peterson R.E. , Gautier T. , Sturla E. Androgens and the evolution of male gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1233–1237.

Rosier A. , Kohn G. Male pseudohermaphrodites due to 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: studies on the natural history of the defect and effect of androgens on gender role. J Steroid Biochem 1983; 19: 663–674.

Rubin R.T. , Reinisch J.M. , Haskett R.F. Postnatal gonadal steroid effects on human behavior. Science 1981; 211: 1318–1324.

Marantz S.A. Mothers of extremely feminine boys: psychopathology and childrearing patterns (dissertation). New York: New York University, 1984.

Bradley S.J. Gender dysphorias in childhood: a formulation. In: Steiner B.W. , ed. Gender dysphoria: development, research, management. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

Bradley S.J. Female transsexualism: a child and adolescent perspective. Child Psychiatry Human Devel 1980; 11: 12–18.

Stoller R.J. Etiological factors in female transsexualism: a first approximation. Arch Sex Behav 1972; 2: 47–64.

Tuber S. , Coates S. Indices of psychopathology in the Rorschachs of boys with severe gender identity disorder: a comparison with normal control subjects. J Pers Assess 1989; 53: 100–112.

Bates J.E. , Bentler P.M. , Thompson S.K. Gender-deviant boys compared with normal and clinical control boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1979; 7. 243–259.

Bradley S.J. Gender dysphorias of childhood and adolescence. In: Garfinkel B.D. , Carlson G.A. , Weller E.B. , eds. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Philadelphia PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990.

Zucker K.J. , Green R. Gender identity disorder of childhood. In: Karasu T.B. , ed. Treatments of psychiatric disorders, volume 1. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1989.

Zucker K.J. Treatment of gender identity disorders in children. In: Blanchard R. , Steiner B.W. , eds. Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. (in press).

Newman L.E. Treatment for the parents of feminine boys. Am J Psychiatry 1976; 133: 683–687.

Coates S. , Zucker K.J. Gender identity disorders in children. In: Kestenbaum C.J. , Williams D.T. , eds. Handbook of clinical assessment of children and adolescents, volume II. New York: New York University Press, 1988.

Masters W.H. , Johnson V.E. Homosexuality in perspective. Boston MA: Little Brown and Co., 1979.

Zucker K.J. , Bradley S.J. , Gladding J.A. A follow-up study of transsexual, transvestitic, homosexual, and “undifferentiated” adolescents. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Amsterdam, September 1986.