Children of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: A Metaanalysis of Risk for Mental Disorders

Andreasen NC Rice J Endicott J Coyrell W Grove WM Reich T. Familial rates of affective disorder: A report from the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:461–9.

Gershon ES Hamovit J Guroff JJ Dibble E Leckman JF Sceery W , and others. A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:1157–67.

Grove WM Andreasen NC Winokur G Clayton PJ Endicott J Coyrell WH . Primary and secondary affective disorders: Unipolar patients compared on familial aggregation. Compr Psychiatry 1987;28:113–26.

McGuffin P Katz R Aldrich J Bebbington P. The Camberwell collaborative depression study, II: Investigation of family members. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:766–74.

Weissman MM Kidd KK Prusoff BA . Variability in rates of affective disorders in relatives of depressed and normal probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:1397–403.

Weissman MM Gershon ES Kidd KK Prusoff BA Leckman JF Dibble E , and others. Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:13–21.

Coyrell W Endicott J Andreasen N Keller M. Bipolar I, bipolar II, and non-bipolar major depression among the relatives of affectively ill probands. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:817–21.

Gershon ES . Genetics. In: Goodwin FK Jamison KR , editors. Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990. p 373–402.

Weissman MM Leaf PJ Tischler GL Blazer DG Karno M Bruce ML , and others. Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychol Med 1988;18:141–53.

Winokur G Tsuang MT Crowe RR . The Iowa 500: Affective disorder in relatives of manic and depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:200–12.

McGrath E Puryear-Keita G Strickland BR Felipe-Russo N. Women and depression: Risk factors and treatment issues. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 1990.

Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychol Bull 1987;101:259–82.

Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex differences in depression. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press; 1990.

Merikangas KR Weissman MM Pauls DL . Genetics factors in the sex ratio of major depression. Psychol Med 1985;15:63–9.

Weissman MM Klerman GL . Sex differences in the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;34:98–111.

Weissman MM Fendrich M Warner V Wickramaratne P. Incidence of psychiatric disorder in offspring at high and low risk for depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:640–8.

Torrey EF Bowler AE Taylor EH Gottesman II Schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder: The biological roots of mental illness as revealed by the Landmark Study of Identical Twins. New York: Harper Collins; 1994.

Mendlewicz J Rainier JD . Morbidity risk and genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Am J Hum Genet 1974;26:692–701.

Lane C Palmour R. Are there biological markers to indicate risk of affective disorders in children? In: Hodgins S , editor. Children at risk for major affective disorders. Brighter Futures Programme, Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada); 1994. p 149–95.

Goodwin FD Jamison KR . Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.

Shapiro S Skinner EA Kessler LG Von Korff M German PS Tischler GR , and others. Utilization of health and mental health services: Three epidemiological catchment area sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:971–8.

Harrow M Goldberg JF Grossman L Meltzer H. Outcome in manic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:665–71.

Klerman GL Weissman MM . The course, morbidity and costs of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:831–4.

Tohen M Waternaux CM Tsuang MT . Outcome in mania: A 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients utilizing survival analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1106–11.

Johnson GF Hunt G. Suicidal behavior in bipolar manic-depressive patients and their families. Compr Psychiatry 1979;20:159–64.

Roy A. Features associated with suicide attempts in depression: A partial replication. J Affect Disord 1993;27:35–8.

Stallone F Dunner DL Ahearn J Fieve RR . Statistical predictions of suicides in depressives. Compr Psychiatry 1980;21:381–7.

Estroff TW Dackis CA Gold MS Pottash ALC . Drug abuse and bipolar disorders. Int J Psychiatry Med 1985;15:37–40.

Regier DA Farmer ME Rae DS Locke BZ Keith SJ Judd LL , and others. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. JAMA 1990;264:2511–8.

Weiss RD Mirin SM Griffin Michael JL . Psychopathology in cocaine abusers: Changing trends. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988;176:719–25.

Weissman MM Livingston-Bruce ML Leaf PJ Florio LP Holzer C. Affective disorders. In: Robins LN Regier D , editors. Psychiatric disorder in America. New York: MacMillan; 1991. p 53–80.

Endicott J Spitzer RL . A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:837–44.

Spitzer RL Williams JBW Gibbon M First MB . The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: History, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:624–9.

Endicott J Spitzer RL . Current and Past Psychopathology Scales (CAPPS): Rationale, reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:678–87.

Spitzer RL Endicott J Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:773–82.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1980.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Revised. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1987.

Decina P Kestenbaum CJ Farber S Kron L Gargan M Sackeim HA , and others. Clinical and psychological assessment of children of bipolar probands. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:548–53.

Gershon ES McKnew D Cytryn L Hamovit J Schreiber J Hibbs E , and others. Diagnoses in school-age children of bipolar affective disorder patients and normal controls. J Affect Disord 1985;8:283–91.

Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M Christodorescu D Jipescu I Totoescu A Marinescu E Ardelean V. Psychopathology in children aged 10–17 of bipolar parents: Psychopathology rate and correlates of the severity of the psychopathology. J Affect Disord 1989;16:167–79.

Hammen C Gordon D Burge D Adrian C Jaenicke C Hiroto D. Maternal affective disorders, illness, and stress: Risk for children's psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:736–41.

Hammen C Burge D Burney E Adrian C. Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1112–7.

Kashani JH Burk JP Horwitz B Reid JC . Differential effect of subtype of parental major affective disorder on children. Psychiatr Res 1985;15:195–204.

Klein DN Depue RA Slater JF . Cyclothymia in the adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1985;94:115–27.

Kuyler PL Rosenthal L Igel G Dunner DL Fieve RR . Psychopathology among children of manic-depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1980;15:589–97.

LaRoche C Cheifetz PN Lester EP . Antecedents of bipolar affective disorders in children. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:986–8.

LaRoche C Cheifetz P Lester EP Schibuk L DiTommaso E Engelsmann F. Psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar affective disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1985;30:337–43.

LaRoche C Sheiner R Lester E Benierakis C Marrache M Engelsmann F , and others. Children of parents with manic-depressive illness: A follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 1987;32:563–9.

Nurnberger JI Hamovit J Hibbs ED Pellegrini D Guroff JJ Maxwell ME , and others. Ahigh-risk study of primary affective disorder: Selection of subjects, initial assessment and 1- to 2-year follow-up. In: Dunner DL Gershon ES Barrett JE , editors. Relatives at risk for mental disorder. New York: Raven; 1988. p 161–77.

Radke-Yarrow M Nottelmann E Martinez P Fox MB Belmont B. Young children of affectively ill parents: A longitudinal study of psychosocial development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:68–77.

Waters BGH Marchenko-Bouer I. Psychiatric illness in the adult offspring of bipolar manic-depressives. J Affect Disord 1980;2:119–26.

Weintraub S. Risk factors in schizophrenia: The Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:439–50.

Carlson GA Weintraub S. Childhood behavior problems and bipolar disorder, relationship or coincidence? J Affect Disord 1993;28:143–53.

Zahn-Waxler C Mayfield A Radke-Yarrow M McKnew DH Cytryn L Davenport YB . A follow-up investigation of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:506–9.

Hunter JE Schmidt FL Jackson GB . Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills: Sage; 1982.

Bradenburg HA Friedman RM Silver SE . The epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders: Prevalence findings from recent studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:76–83.

McGee R Feehan M Williams S Partridge F Silva PA Kelly J. DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescent. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:611–9.

Offord DR Boyle MH Szatmari P Rae-Grant NI Links PS Cadman DT , and others. Ontario Child Health Study, II: Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:832–6.

Cummings EM Davies PT . Maternal depression and child development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994;35:73–112.

Downey G Coyne JC . Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychol Bull 1990;108:50–76.

Gelfand DM Teti DM . The effects of maternal depression on children. Clin Psychol Rev 1990;10:329–53.

Hammen C. Depression runs in families: The social context of risk and resilience in children of depressed mothers. New York: Spinger-Verlag; 1991.

LaRoche C. Children of parents with major affective disorders: A review of the past 5 years. Affect Disord Anx Child Adolesc 1989;12:919–32.

Rutter M. Commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children. Developmental Psychology 1990;26:60–7.

Frick PJ Lahey BB Loeber R Stouthamer-Loeber M Christ MAG Hanson K. Familial risk factors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Parental psychopathology and maternal parenting. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:49–55.

Baron M Mendelwicz J Gruen R Asnis L Fieve RR . Assortative mating in affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1981;3:167–71.

Dunner DL Fleiss JL Addlonizio G Fieve RR . Assortative mating in primary affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1976;140:43–51.

Gershon ES Dunner DL Sturt L Goodwin FK . Assortative mating in the affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1973;7:63–74.

Negri F Melica AM Zulliani R Smeraldi E. Assortative mating and affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1979;1:247–53.

Merikangas KR Prusoff BA Weissman MM . Parental concordance for affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring. J Affect Disord 1988;15:279–90.

Merikangas KR Weissman MM Prusoff BA John K. Assortative mating and affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring. Psychiatry 1988;51:48–57.

Crowter JH . The relationship between depression and marital maladjustment: A descriptive study. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985;173:227–31.

Gotlib IH Whiffen VE . Depression and marital functioning: An examination of specificity and gender differences. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98:23–30.

Gotlib IH Whiffen VE . Stress, coping and marital satisfaction in couples with a depressed wife. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 1989;21:403–18.

Hoover CF Fitzgerald RG . Marital conflict of manic-depressive patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:65–7.

Kowalick DL Gotlib IH . Depression and marital interaction: Concordance between intent and perception of communication. J Abnorm Psychol 1987; 96:127–34.

Coyne JC . Depression, biology, marriage and marital therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 1987;13:393–407.

Gotlib IH McCabe SB . Marriage and psychopathology. In: Finchman FD Bradbury TH , editors. The psychopathology of marriage: Basic issues and applications. New York: Guilford; 1990. p 226–57.

Gotlib IH Wallace PM Colby CA . Marital and family therapy for depression. In: Wolman BB Stricker G , editors. Depressive disorders: Facts, theories and treatment methods. New York: J Wiley; 1990. p 396–424.

Halford WK Sanders MR . Behavioral marital therapy in the treatment of psychological disorders. Behavior Change 1989;6:165–77.

Hooley JM Teasdale JD . Predictors of relapse in unipolar depressives: Expressed emotions, marital distress and perceived criticism. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98:229–35.

Emery RE Weintraub S Neil JM . Effects of marital discord on the school behavior of children of schizophrenic, affectively disordered and normal parents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;10:215–28.

Jenkins JM Smith MA . Marital disharmony and children's behavior problems: Aspects of a poor marriage that affect children adversely. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:793–810.

Jouriles EN Pfiffner L O'Leary SG . Marital conflict, parenting and toddler conduct problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988;16:197–206.

Merikangas KR Prusoff BA Kupfer DK Frank E. Marital adjustment in major depression. J Affect Disord 1985;9:5–11.

Rutter M Quinton D. Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children. Psychol Med 1984;14:853–80.

Cummings EM Davies PT . Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution. The Guilford series on social and emotional development. New York: Guilford; 1994.

Inoff-Germain G Nottelmann ED Radke-Yarrow M. Evaluative communications between affectively ill and well mothers and their children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992;20:189–212.

Burge D Hammen C. Maternal communication: Predictors of outcome at follow-up in a sample of children at high and low risk for depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1991;100:174–80.

Schwartz CE Dorer DJ Beardslee WR Lavori PW Keller MB . Maternal expressed emotion and parental affective disorder: Risk for childhood depressive disorder, substance abuse or conduct disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1990;24:231–50.

Goodman SH Brumley HE . Schizophrenic and depressed mothers: Relational deficits in parenting. Developmental Psychology 1990;26:31–9.

Conrad M Hammen C. Role of maternal depression in perceptions of child maladjustment. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989;57:663–7.

Kochanska G Radke-Yarrow M Kuczynski L Friedman S. Normal and affectively ill mother's beliefs about their children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987;57:345–50.

Hetherington EM Reiss D Plomin R. Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development. Hillsdale (NJ): Erlbaum; 1994.

Reiss D Hetherington EM Plomin R Howe GW Simmens SJ Henderson SH , and others. Genetic questions for environmental studies: Differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:925–36.

Vanharen J LaRoche C Heyman M Massabki A Colle L. Have the invisible children become visible? Can J Psychiatry 1993;38:678–80.

Jellinek MS Bishop SJ Murphy JM . Screening for dysfunction in the children of outpatients at a psychopharmacology clinic. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1031–6.