A Possible New Treatment Approach to Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder

Richardson JS Zaleski W. Naloxone and self-mutilation. Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:99–101.

Herman B Hammock M. Arthur-Smith A, Egan J, Chatour I, Zelnick N, Corradine M, and others. Naltrexone decreases self-injurious behaviour. Ann Neurol 1987;22:550–2.

Davidson W Kleene BM Carroll M. Effects of naloxone on self-injurious behaviour. Research in Mental Retardation 1993;4:1–4.

Lienemann J Walter F. Reversal of self-abusive behaviour with naltrexone [letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:448–9.

Kiley-Worthington M. Stereotypes in horses. Equine Pract 1983;5:34–40.

Brown S Crowell-Davis S Malcolm T Edwards P. Naloxone-response compulsive tail chasing in a dog. JAMA 1987;190:884–6.

White S. Naltrexone for treatment of acral lick dermatitis in dogs. JAMA 1990;196:1073–6.

Dodman N Shuster L White S Court M Dixon R. Use of narcotic antagonists to modify stereotypic self-licking, self-chewing and scratching behaviour in dogs. JAMA 1988;193:815–9.

Volpicelli J Watson N King A Sherman C O'Brien C. Effect of naltrexone on alcohol ‘high’ in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:613–5.

O'Malley SS . Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependency. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;49:881–7.

Winchel R Stanley M. Self-injurious behaviour: A review of the behaviour and biology of self-mutilation. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:306–17.

Bozarth M. Opiate reinforcement processes: Re-assembling multiple mechanisms. Addiction 1994;89:1425–34.

Pert CB Snyder SH . Opiate receptor: Demonstration in nervous issue. Science 1973;179:1011–4.

Hughes J Smith TW Kosterlitz HW Fothergill LA Morgan B Morris H. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 1975;258:577–9.

Unterwald EM Zukin RS . The endogenous opioidergic system. In: Reid D , editor. Opioids, bulimia and alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Anne Arbor (MI): Springer-Verlag; 1990. p 49–72.

Murin LC Coyle JI Kuhar MJ . Striatal opiate receptors: Pre and post synaptic localization. Life Sci 1980;27:1175–83.

Woo SK Hitzemann RT Loh HH . Specific opioid-amphetamine interactions in the caudate putamen. Psychopharmacology 1985;85:271–6.

Baxter L Schwartz J Bergmann K. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:681–9.

Swedo S Pietrini P Leonard L. Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder: Revisualization during pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:690–4.

Stein DJ Shoulberg N Helton K Hollander E. The neuroethological method of obsessive compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1992;33:274–81.

Hollander E. Behavioural disorders in veterinary practice: Relevance to psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry 1994;35:275–85.

Jenike M. Pharmacologic treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992;15:895–919.