The basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bar is one of the newly evolved materials expected to be used as a structural reinforcement because of its non-corrosive nature and abundant tensile strength properties. The bond stress–slip relationship between fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete is necessary to evaluate the load carrying capacity of concrete components or structures reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer bars. Although the relationship between fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete has been studied, the bond stress–slip relationship between concrete and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars considering the effect of bar diameter and concrete strength is still lacking. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the bond behavior between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars with different diameters (10, 14, and 20 mm) and concrete with two different compressive strengths using a pull-out test. The test results showed that (1) the failure mode between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete was equally contributed from crushing of concrete and failure of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer surface and mainly from delaminated resin-rich surface for the specimens with the concrete compressive strength of 43.6 and 71.8 MPa, respectively; (2) the bond strength between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete decreased with the increase of bar diameter; (3) the slip corresponding to bond strength increased with the increase of diameter of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars; (4) the bond strength between the basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars with diameter of 10 mm and concrete increased by 18.8% when the concrete strength increased by 64.7%; and (5) the formulas for bond stress–slip relationship between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete in consideration of the ratio of concrete cover depth and concrete compressive strength were proposed. The calculation results of the formulas indicated good accuracy with the experimental results.
FioreVScaliciTDi BellaG. A review on basalt fibre and its composites. Compos Part B: Eng2015; 74: 74–94.
3.
YeboahDTaylorSMcpolinD. Pull-out behaviour of axially loaded basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) rods bonded perpendicular to the grain of glulam elements. Constr Build Mater2013; 38: 962–969.
4.
LiWMXuJY. Mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete under impact loading. Mater Sci Eng2009; 505: 178–186.
5.
BrikVB. Basalt fiber composite reinforcement for concrete, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1997, pp. 21–35.
6.
SimJParkCMoonDY. Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures. Compos Part B: Eng2005; 36: 504–512.
7.
BrikVB. Advanced concept concrete using basalt fiber/BF composite rebar reinforcement. IDEA Project 86, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2003, pp. 71–71.
8.
YingSNZhouXD. Chemical and thermal resistance of basalt fiber in inclement environments. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed2013; 28: 560–565.
9.
ArtemenkoSE. Polymer composite materials made from carbon, basalt, and glass fibres. Structure and properties. Fibre Chem2003; 35: 43–46.
10.
GoreRSuhasiniMKulkarniP. The performance of basalt fiber in high strength concrete. J Inform Knowl Res Civil Eng2013; 2: 117–124.
11.
Chikhradze NM, Japaridze LA and Abashidze GS. Properties of basalt plastics and of composites reinforced by hybrid fibers in operating conditions. Morocco: Intech, 2012, pp.221–246.
12.
WeiBCaoHLSongSH. Environmental resistance and mechanical performance of basalt and glass fibers. Mater Sci Eng A2010; 527: 4708–4715.
13.
PakharenkoVVYancharIPakharenkoVA. Polymer composite materials with fibrous and disperse basalt fillers. Fibre Chem2008; 40: 246–252.
14.
De RosaIMMarraFPulciG. Post-impact mechanical characterisation of E-Glass/basalt woven fabric interply hybrid laminates. Express Polym Lett2011; 5: 449–459.
15.
ShiJZhuHWuZ. Bond behavior between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer sheet and concrete substrate under the coupled effects of freeze-thaw cycling and sustained load. J Compos Constr2013; 17: 530–542.
16.
HuoBRZhangXD. Experiment study of BFRP bars’ mechanical properties. Appl Mech Mater2012; 174–177: 830–833.
17.
SaadSMPatelINShahMJ. Study of ductility properties by effective replacement of steel with basalt fibre reinforced polymer. Int J Eng Res Gen Sci2015; 3: 686–688.
ShenDJShiHFJiY. Strain rate effect on effective bond length of basalt FRP sheet bonded to concrete. Constr Build Mater2015; 82: 206–218.
20.
ShenDJShiXJiY. Strain rate effect on bond stress-slip relationship between basalt fiber-reinforced polymer sheet and concrete. J Reinf Plast Compos2015; 34: 547–563.
21.
High C, Seliem HM, El-Safty A, et al. Use of BFRP bars as flexural reinforcement. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on FRP composites in civil engineering, British Columbia, Canada, 20–22 August 2014.
22.
TighiouartBBenmokraneBGaoD. Investigation of bond in concrete member with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Constr Build Mater1998; 12: 453–462.
23.
Belarbi A and Wang HZ. Bond-slip response of FRP reinforcing bars in fiber reinforced concrete under direct pullout. In: International conference on fiber, high performance concretes and smart materials, Chennai, India, 2004, pp.409–419.
24.
OkeloRYuanRL. Bond strength of fiber reinforced polymer rebars in normal strength concrete. J Compos Constr2014; 9: 203–213.
25.
LarrardDFSchallerIFuchesJ. Effect of bar diameter on the bond strength of passive reinforcement in high-performance concrete. ACI Mater J1993; 90: 333–339.
26.
CarloniCSubramaniamKVSavoiaM. Experimental determination of FRP-concrete cohesive interface properties under fatigue loading. Compos Struct2012; 94: 1288–1296.
27.
Guo ZG, Cao SY, Sun WM, et al. Experimental study on bond stress-slip behaviour between FRP sheets and concrete. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on bond behaviour of FRP in structures (BBFS 2005) Hong Kong, China, 7–9 December 2005, pp.77–84. Polytechnic University.
28.
DavalosJFChenYRayI. Effect of FRP bar degradation on interface bond with high strength concrete. Cem Concr Compos2008; 30: 722–730.
29.
LeeJYLeeCKimKW. Bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymers bar in high strength concrete, FRPRCS-8, Patras, Greece: University of Patras, 2007.
30.
Faza SS and Gangarao HVS. Bending and bond behavior of concrete beams reinforced with plastic rebars. In: Third bridge engineering conference, Washington DC, 1991, pp.185–193. Transportation Research Board.
31.
Quayyum S. Bond behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars in concrete. Master Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh, 2010.
32.
AchillidesZPilakoutasK. Bond behavior of FRP bars under direct pullout conditions. J Comp Constr2004; 8: 173–181.
33.
WonJPParkCGKimHH. Effect of fibers on the bonds between FRP reinforcing bars and high-strength concrete. Compos Part B: Eng2008; 39: 747–755.
34.
AielloAMLeoneMPecceM. Bond performances of FRP rebars-reinforced concrete. J Mater Civil Eng2007; 19: 205–213.
35.
FocacciFNanniABakisCE. Local bond-slip relationship for FRP reinforcement in concrete. J Compos Constr2014; 4: 24–31.
36.
DiabAMElyamanyHEHusseinMA. Bond behavior and assessment of design ultimate bond stress of normal and high strength concrete. Alex Eng J2014; 53: 355–371.
37.
DE LorenzisLRizzoALaTegolaA. A modified pull-out test for bond of near-surface mounted FRP rods in concrete. Compos Part B: Eng2002; 33: 589–603.
38.
CosenzaEManfrediGRealfonzoR. Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete. J Compos Constr1997; 1: 40–51.
39.
NanniABakisCEBoothbyTE. Test methods for FRP-concrete systems subjected to mechanical loads: state of the ART Review. J Reinf Plast Comp1995; 14: 524–558.
40.
CosenzaEManfrediGRealfonzoR. Development length of FRP straight rebars. Compos Part B: Eng2002; 33: 493–504.
41.
XiaoJZFalknerH. Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and steel rebars. Constr Build Mater2007; 21: 395–401.
42.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). Guide test methods for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures (ACI 440-3R-04), Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2004.
43.
HaoQDWangYLHeZ. Bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer ribbed rebars in normal strength concrete. Constr Build Mater2009; 23: 865–871.
44.
ChitsazanIKobraeiMJumaatMZ. An experimental study on the flexural behavior of FRP RC beams and a comparison of the ultimate moment capacity with ACI. J Civil Eng Constr Technol2010; 1: 27–42.
45.
De LorenzisLNanniA. Characterization of FRP rods as near-surface mounted reinforcement. J Compos Constr2001; 5: 114–121.
46.
KocaozSSamaranayakeVANanniA. Tensile characterization of glass FRP bars. Compos Part B: Eng2005; 36: 127–134.
47.
Benmokrane B, Wang P, Gentry TR, et al. Tests methods to determine properties of FRP rods for concrete structures. In: Composites in construction: a reality. 2001, pp.75–83. Capri, Italy: American Society of Civil Engineers.
48.
LeeJYKimTYKimTJ. Interfacial bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars in high-strength concrete. Compos Part B: Eng2008; 39: 258–270.
49.
EI RefaiAAmmarM-AMasmoudiR. Bond performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars to concrete. J Compos Constr2015; 19: 1–12.
KatzA. Bond mechanism of FRP rebars to concrete. Mater Struct1999; 32: 761–768.
52.
LeesJMBurgoyneCJ. Transfer bond stresses generated between FRP tendons and concrete. Magn Concr Res1999; 51: 229–239.
53.
De LorenzisLMillerBNanniA. Bond of FRP laminates to concrete. ACI Mater J2001; 98: 256–264.
54.
AlbarwaryIHMHaidoJH. Bond strength of concrete with the reinforcement bars polluted with oil. Eur Sci J2013; 9: 255–272.
55.
ZhangBRBenmokraneBChennoufA. Prediction of tensile capacity of bond anchorages for FRP tendons. J Compos Constr2000; 4: 39–47.
56.
AriasJPMVazquezAEscobarMM. Use of sand coating to improve bonding between GFRP bars and concrete. J Compos Mater2012; 46: 2271–2278.
57.
OzbnakkalogluTSaatciogluM. Tensile behavior of FRP anchors in concrete. J Compos Constr2009; 13: 82–92.
58.
AhmadFSForetGRoyRL. Bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC): experimental study. Constr Build Mater2011; 25: 479–485.
59.
BaenaMTorresLITuronA. Experimental study of bond behaviour between concrete and FRP bars using a pull-out test. Compos Part B: Eng2009; 40: 784–797.
60.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars (ACI 440.1R-06), Detroit (Michigan, USA): American Concrete Institute, 2006.
61.
EligehausenRPopovEPBerteroVV. Local bond stress-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. Tech Chamber of Greece1982; 4: 69–80.
