Modern advancement of the 3D woven composites made it possible to adjust the mechanical properties either by laying the fiber tows in a certain angle or by replacing the fibers having nominal mechanical properties with the fiber of higher mechanical properties in a certain proportion, which can be regarded as hybridization of reinforcement material. By adding the fibers with different mechanical properties arises the challenge of estimation of their elastic and strength properties. In the current study, an analytical model is developed based on the volume averaging method to predict the elastic and strength parameters for non-hybrid and hybrid 3D woven composites on the basis of two distinct geometric models. In the later section, the results are verified through numerical simulation on the representative volume element level using finite element simulations. Detailed geometry is constructed for a finite element mosaic model for a weave configuration and the results are verified by comparison with the experimental data. After validating the models successfully, fiber tows in a certain ratio are replaced with other materials to attain the hybridization of 3D woven composite. Finally, the results from the numerical simulation for hybrid and non-hybrid material system are obtained and compared with the analytical results which showed a close agreement among them, making the analytical model a useful tool for estimating the elastic and strength properties for hybrid 3D woven composites.
WangSSZahlanNMSuemasuH.Compressive stability of delaminated random short-fiber composites, part II – experimental and analytical results. J Compos Mater1985;
19: 317–333.
2.
StobbeDMohamedM. 3D woven composites: cost and performance viability in commercial applications. In: International SAMPE symposium and exhibition, Long Beach, California, 11–15 May 2003, pp.1372–1381. South California: SAMPE.
3.
MouritzAPCoxBN.A mechanistic interpretation of the comparative in-plane mechanical properties of 3D woven, stitched and pinned composites. Compos Part A2010;
41: 709–728.
BaucomJNZikryMA.Low-velocity impact damage progression in woven eglass composite systems. Compos Part A2005;
36: 658–664.
6.
ChenFHodgkinsonJM.Impact behaviour of composites with different fibre architecture. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part G2009;
223: 1009–1017.
7.
BiboGAHoggPJ.The role of reinforcement architecture on impact damage mechanisms and post-impact compression behaviour. J Mater Sci1996;
31: 1115–1137.
8.
BrandtJDrechslerKArendtsFJ.Mechanical performance of composites based on various three-dimensional woven-fibre preforms. Compos Sci Technol1996;
56: 381–386.
9.
MuñozRMartínezVSketFet al.
Mechanical behavior and failure micromechanisms of hybrid 3D woven composites in tension. Compos Part A2014;
59: 93–104.
10.
YangQCoxB.Spatially averaged local strains in textile composites via the binary model formulation. J Eng Mater Technol2003;
125: 418–425.
11.
CoxBNCarterWCFleckNA.A binary model of textile composites – I. Formulation. Acta Metall Mater1994;
42: 3463–3480.
12.
XuJCoxBNMcGlocktonMAet al.
A binary model of textile composites – II. The elastic regime. Acta Metall Mater1995;
43: 3511–3524.
13.
RömeltPCunninghamPR.A multi-scale finite element approach for modelling damage progression in woven composite structures. Compos Struct2012;
94: 977–986.
14.
LiS.Boundary conditions for unit cells from periodic microstructures and their implications. Compos Sci Technol2008;
68: 1962–1974.
15.
TanPTongLStevenGP.Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part II. FEA and analytical modeling approaches. Compos Part A2000;
31: 273–281.
16.
DrachADrachBTsukrovI.Processing of fiber architecture data for finite element modeling of 3D woven composites. Adv Eng Software2014;
72: 18–27.
17.
GreenSDMatveevMYLongACet al.
Mechanical modelling of 3D woven composites considering realistic unit cell geometry. Compos Struct2014;
118: 284–293.
18.
BogdanovichA. Progressive failure modeling and strength predictions of 3D woven composites. In: 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics, and materials conference, Palm Springs, California, 4–7 May 2009, p. 2658.
19.
KimSLeeCShinHet al. Virtual experimental characterization of 3D orthogonal woven composite materials. In: 19th AIAA applied aerodynamics conference, Anaheim, CA, U.S.A., 11–14 June 2001, p.1570.
20.
LeeCSChungSWShinHet al.
Virtual material characterization of 3D orthogonal woven composite materials by large-scale computing. J Compos Mater2005;
39: 851–863.
TanPTongLStevenGPet al.
Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part I. Experimental investigation. Compos Part A2000;
31: 259–271.
23.
StigFHallströmS.Assessment of the mechanical properties of a new 3D woven fibre composite material. Compos Sci Technol2009;
69: 1686–1692.
24.
LomovSVBogdanovichAEIvanovDSet al.
A comparative study of tensile properties of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass composites. Part 1: materials, methods and principal results. Compos Part A2009;
40: 1134–1143.
25.
IvanovDSLomovSVBogdanovichAEet al.
A comparative study of tensile properties of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass composites. Part 2: comprehensive experimental results. Compos Part A2009;
40: 1144–1157.
26.
BogdanovichAE.Multi-scale modeling, stress and failure analyses of 3-D woven composites. J Mater Sci2006;
41: 6547–6590.
27.
NaikNKAzadSNPrasadPDet al.
Stress and failure analysis of 3D orthogonal interlock woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos2001;
20: 1485–1523.
28.
GerekeTCherifC.A review of numerical models for 3D woven composite reinforcements. Compos Struct2019;
209: 60–66.
29.
StigFHallströmS.Spatial modelling of 3D-woven textiles. Compos Struct2012;
94: 1495–1502.
30.
NaouarNVidal-SalléESchneiderJet al.
Meso-scale FE analyses of textile composite reinforcement deformation based on X-ray computed tomography. Compos Struct2014;
116: 165–176.
31.
MathieuSHamilaNBouillonFet al.
Enhanced modeling of 3D composite preform deformations taking into account local fiber bending stiffness. Compos Sci Technol2015;
117: 322–333.
32.
PazminoJMathieuSCarvelliVet al.
Numerical modelling of forming of a non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave E-glass composite reinforcement. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2015;
72: 207–218.
33.
DöbrichOGerekeTCherifC.Modelling of textile composite reinforcements on the micro-scale. Autex Res J2014;
14: 28–33.
34.
DaelemansLFaesJAllaouiSet al.
Finite element simulation of the woven geometry and mechanical behaviour of a 3D woven dry fabric under tensile and shear loading using the digital element method. Compos Sci Technol2016;
137: 177–187.
35.
DaiSCunninghamPR.Multi-scale damage modelling of 3D woven composites under uni-axial tension. Compos Struct2016;
142: 298–312.
36.
PankowMYenCFRudolphMet al. Experimental investigation on the deformation response of hybrid 3D woven composites. In: 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics and materials conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, 23–26 April 2012, p.1572.
37.
MidaniMSeyamAFPankowM.A generalized analytical model for predicting the tensile behavior of 3D orthogonal woven composites using finite deformation approach. J Text Inst2018;
109: 1465–1476.
38.
BogdanovichAEKarahanMLomovSVet al.
Quasi-static tensile behavior and damage of carbon/epoxy composite reinforced with 3D non-crimp orthogonal woven fabric. Mech Mater2013;
62: 14–31.
39.
KarahanMLomovSVBogdanovichAEet al.
Internal geometry evaluation of non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven carbon fabric composite. Compos Part A2010;
41: 1301–1311.
LindePPleitnerJDe BoerHet al. Modelling and simulation of fibre metal laminates. In: 17th ABAQUS users’ conference, Boston, MA, USA, 24–27 May 2004, pp.421–439. ABAQUS(2004): USA.
