Long term accelerated influence on thermo-mechanical properties of glass/carbon fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer network hybrid composites

Abstract

The prime importance of this work is that to compare the influence of hygrothermal analysis on the physical properties of different variant of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) blend reinforced with E-Glass/Carbon and combination of both (hybrid) fibers. In this study, combinations of epoxy (EP)/polyurethane (PU), vinyl ester (VER)/polyurethane (PU), and epoxy (EP)/vinyl ester (VER) have been taken as the matrix material (IPN) to reinforce the glass, carbon, and combination of both fibers. Moreover, prepared specimens are subjected with boiling water immersion test by maintaining the temperature of 45°C, 55°C, and 65°C in order to thoroughly understand the influence of moisture absorption and temperature in their physical attribution as per ASTM standards. Besides, to better understand the thermal stability and compatibility, thermal-gravimetric (TGA) analysis and burn-off test were conducted as well. During this study, it was found that, combination of VER/PU possesses the high moisture absorption resistance amongst all variants (0.725% for 45°C, 0.854% for 55°C, 1.234 for 65°C). Similarly, epoxy/vinyl ester reinforced glass fiber IPN laminate (EVG) has shown notable TGA value as 418.6°C, as well burn-off test also shown that hybrid IPN composites have better wettability (less void presence) than all other laminates (EPGC-0.9%, VPGC-0.89%, EVGC-0.92%). Further, losses of physical strengths have been noticed on all specimens upon subjection on hygrothermal environment irrespective of IPN blend and fiber constituents.

Keywords

Interpenetrating polymer network moisture absorption thermal-gravimetric analysis burn-off test hygrothermal physical strengths

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Qin Sun

Zhang

Wadsworth

, et al. Processing and property study of cotton-surfaced nonwovens. Textile Res J 2000; 70(5): 449–453. DOI: 10.1177/004051750007000511.

Zhang

. Carbon fibers from oriented polyethylene precursors. J Thermoplastic Compos Mater 1993; 6(1): 38–48. DOI: 10.1177/089270579300600104.

Zhang

Sun

Beard

, et al. Innovative polytrimethylene terephthalate (Ptt) polymers for technical nonwovens. J Ind Textiles 2002; 31(3): 159–178. DOI: 10.1106/152808302025393.

Azhar

Zhang

, et al. Fabrication and mechanical properties of flaxseed fiber bundle-reinforced polybutylene succinate composites. J Ind Textiles 2020; 50(1): 98–113. DOI: 10.1177/1528083718821876.

Suresh

Jayakumari

. Finite element analysis of IPN reinforced woven fabric composite. Revista Materia 2017; 22(4): 1–6.

Suresh

Jayakumari

. Evaluating the mechanical properties of E-Glass fiber/carbon fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer networks. Polímeros 2015; 25(1): 49–57.

Suresh

Jayakumari

. Analyzing the mechanical behavior of E-Glass fibre reinforced interpenetrating polymer network composite pipe. J Composite Materials 2016; 50: 3053–3061.

Sathishkumar

Satheeshkumar

Jesuarockiam

. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites - A review. J Reinforced Plastics Composites 2014; 33: 1258–1275. DOI: 10.1177/0731684414530790.

Xiong

Vaziri

, et al. Mechanical behavior of carbon fiber composite lattice core sandwich panels fabricated by laser cutting. Acta Materialia 2012; 60: 5322–5334.

10.

Suresh

Loganathan

Sekar

, et al. Influence of water absorption on glass fibre reinforced IPN composite pipes. Polímeros 2019; 29(3): 1–8.

11.

Suresh

Sekaran

Akash

, et al. Evaluation of mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced nanoclay filled IPN matrix composite. Mater Res Express 2019; 6(12): 125311. DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab54ec.

12.

Lima Sobrinho

Ferreira

Bastian

. The effects of water absorption on an ester vinyl resin system. Mat Res 2009; 12(3): 353–361. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-14392009000300017.

13.

Wang

. Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and graft vinyl ester resin: polyurethane formed with toluene diisocyanate. Eur Polym J 2000; 36(4): 735–742. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00113-5.

14.

Ganesh

Sumesh

Palani

, et al. Investigation on the mechanical properties of ramie/kenaf fibers under various parameters using GRA and TOPSIS methods. Polym Composites 2022; 43(1): 130–143.

15.

Guoqiang

Pang

Helams

, et al. Stiffness degradation of FRP strengthened RC beams subjected to hygrothermal and aging attacks. J Compos Mater 2001; 36(7): 795–812. DOI: 10.1177/0021998302036007614.

16.

Eslami

Honarbakhsh-Raouf

Eslami

. Effects of moisture absorption on degradation of E-glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite pipes and modelling of transient moisture diffusion using finite element analysis. Corrosion Science 2015; 90(1): 168–175. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.10.009.

17.

Qin

Cai

. Damping properties and morphology of polyurethane/vinyl ester resin interpenetrating polymer network. Mater Chem Phys 2004; 85(3): 402–409, DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.01.019.

18.

Tagliavia

Porfiri

Gupta

. Influence of moisture absorption on flexural properties of syntactic foams. Composites Part B: Eng 2012; 43(2): 115–123, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.06.016.

19.

Feih

Mathys

, et al. Influence of water content on failure of phenolic composites in fire. Polym Degrad Stab 2008; 93(2): 376–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.027.

20.

Yao

Ziegmann

. Water absorption behavior and its influence on properties of GRP Pipe. J Compos Mater 2007; 41(8): 993–1008. DOI: 10.1177/0021998306067265.

21.

Kamangar

Shokrieh

. A novel model for quantification of the moisture absorption of polymeric laminated composites. Polym Test 2020; 91(1): 106772. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106772.

22.

Ashik

RameshSharma

Guptha

VLJ

. Investigation of moisture absorption and mechanical properties of natural/glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites. Mater Today: Proc 2018; 5(1): 3000–3007, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.01.099.

23.

Kumar Singh

Khan

Kumar Mishra

, et al. Fabrication and evaluation of mechanical properties of polymer matrix composite using nano fibers as reinforcement. Mater Today: Proc 2021; 46(2): 1376–1383, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.488.

24.

Srinivasan

Suresh

Ramu

, et al. Effect of water absorption of the mechanical behavior of banana fiber reinforced. IPN Natural Composites 2021; 45(2): 1334–1337, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.024.