The objective of this article is to elaborate a method to optimize the composition of the fuels from sewage sludge (PBS fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime, PBM fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal, PBT fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust). As a tool for an optimization procedure, the use of a genetic algorithm is proposed. The optimization task involves the maximization of mass fraction of sewage sludge in a fuel developed on the basis of quality-based criteria for the use as an alternative fuel used by the cement industry. The selection criteria of fuels composition concerned such parameters as: calorific value, content of chlorine, sulphur and heavy metals. Mathematical descriptions of fuel compositions and general forms of the genetic algorithm, as well as the obtained optimization results are presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed genetic algorithm offers an optimization tool, which could be useful in the determination of the composition of fuels that are produced from waste.
BąblewskiP (2011) Współspalanie paliw alternatywnych w cementowniach Cemex Polska [Co-combustion of alternative fuels in Cemex Polska cement plants], I Forum Paliw Alternatywnych, 29–30September2011, Lubliniec, Poland. Available at: http://scc.com.pl/konferencje/prezentacje/IPAL_14–06–2012/CEMEX.pdf (accessed 10 July 2013).
2.
CaputoACPalumboMScacchiaF (2004) Perspectives of RDF use in decentralized areas: comparing power and co-generation solutions. Applied Thermal Engineering24: 2171–2187.
3.
CEMBUREAU (2009) Sustainable cement production: Co-processing of alternative fuels and raw materials in the cement industry. Brussels, Belgium: CEMBUREAU, pp.5–7.
4.
DudaJ (2004) Energooszczędne i proekologiczne techniki wypalania klinkieru cementowego [Energy saving and proecological techniques of clinker burning]. Opole, Poland: Prace IMMB, pp.144.
5.
European Commission (2010) Reference document on best available techniques in the cement, lime and magnesium oxide manufacturing industries. Sevilla, Spain: Edificio EXPO, pp.412–414
6.
FlammeSGeipingJ (2012) Quality standards and requirements for solid recovered fuels: a review. Waste Management & Research30: 335–353.
7.
GargASmithRHillD, et al. (2007) Wastes as co-fuels: the policy framework for solid recovered fuel (SRF) in Europe with UK implications. Environmental Science & Technology41: 4868–4874.
8.
GargASmithRHillD, et al. (2011) An integrated appraisal of energy recovery options in the United Kingdom using solid recovered fuel derived from municipal solid waste. Waste Management31: 1176–1183.
GenonGBrizoE (2008) Perspective and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDF. Waste Management28: 2375–2385.
11.
GloriusT (2000) Aufbereitung von hochkalorischen Stoffströmen zu Sekundärbrennstoffen. In: WiemerK.KernM. (eds) Bio- und Restabfallbehandlung IV. Seiten, Deutschland: Witzenhausen, pp. 423–428.
12.
GoldbergDE (1989) Genetic Algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley, pp.2–9.
13.
HauptLRHauptSE (2004) Practical genetic algorithms. Hobeken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, pp.54–60.
14.
KaanteeUZevenhovenRBackmanR, et al. (2004) Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modelling. Fuel Processing Technology85: 293–301.
15.
KakarasEGrammelisPAgraniotisM, et al. (2005) Solid recovered fuel as coal substitute in the electricity generation sector. Thermal Science9: 17–30.
16.
KaraMGünayETabakY, et al. (2009) Perspectives for pilot scale study of RDF in Istanbul. Waste Management29: 2976–2982.
17.
Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz (Gesetz zur Förderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der umweltverträglichen Bewirtschaftung von Abfällen) KrWG § 8 Abs. 3. Available at: http://dejure.org/gesetze/KrWG/8.html (accessed 26 February 2014).
18.
KrólA (2012) Uwalnianie metali ciężkich z kompozytów mineralnych z uwzględnieniem oddziaływania środowiska [Realise of heavy metals from mineral composites considering environmental impact]. Opole, Poland: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Opolskiej, pp.48.
19.
MariottiEIannantuoniM (2011) II nuovo diritto ambientale. Republica San Marnio: Maggioli Editore, pp.346–347.
20.
MichalewiczZ (1999) Genetic algorithms + data structures = Evolutionary program. New York, USA: Springer Verlag, AI Series, pp.21–23.
21.
MokrzyckiEUliasz-BocheńczykASarnaM (2003) Use of alternative fuels in the cement industry. Applied Energy74: 101–111.
22.
Polish Cement Association (2010) Cement Industry in 2009. Available at: http://www.polskicement.pl (accessed 26 February 2014).
23.
RotterS (2012) Incineration RDF and SRF – Solid fuel from waste. In: ChristensenTH (ed.) Solid Waste Technology and Management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons, Vol. 1&2, pp.486–501.
24.
SchückesM (2007) Perspektiven der Sekundärbrennstoff – Mitverbrennung in den Braun – und Steinkohlenkraftwerken von NRW, MUNLV NW, Symposium‚ Beitrag der Abfallwirtschaft zum Klimaschutz, Duisburg, 26 October 2007.
Technical Committee on Solid Recovered Fuels CEN/TS15359, 2006.
27.
ThielSThomé-KozmienskyKJ (2012) Co-combustion of solid recovered fuels in coal-fired power plants. Waste Management & Research30: 392–403.
28.
ThomanetzE (2012) Solid recovered fuels in the cement industry with special respect to hazardous waste. Waste Management & Research30: 404–412.
29.
Van TubergenJMilieuEGloriusT (2003) Classification of Solid Recovered Fuels, European Commission – Directorate General Environment Refuse Derived Fuel, Current Practice and Perspectives. Wiltshire, UK: WRc Swindon, pp.23.
30.
Van TubergenJMilieuEGloriusT, et al. (2005) Classification of solid recovery fuels. Bruxelles, Belgium: ERFO, pp.6–7.
31.
WaglandaSTKilgallonaPCoveneyaR (2011) Comparison of coal/solid recovered fuel (SRF) with coal/refuse derived fuel (RDF) in a fluidised bed reactor. Waste Management31: 1176–1183.
WasilewskiRSobolewskiA (2007) The conditions for the production and use of alternative fuels in Poland. In: ŚciążkoMZuwałaJPronobisM (eds) Współspalanie biomasy i paliw alternatywnych w energetyce [Co-combustion of biomass and alternative fuels in power sector]. Zabrze-Gliwice, Poland: Wydawnictwo ICPW i Politechniki Śląskiej, pp.311–324.
34.
WilenCSalokoskiPKurkelaE, et al. (2004) Finnish expert report on best available techniques in energy production from solid recovered fuels. Helsinki: Finnish Environment Institute.
35.
WzorekM (2012) Characterization of the properties of alternative fuels containing sewage sludge. Fuel Processing Technology104: 80–89.
36.
WzorekMKrólA (2009) Analysis of selected properties of sewage sludge within the consideration of its energetic application in forming alternative fuels. Polish Journal of Environmental Study6: 32–136.
37.
WzorekMTroniewskiLDudaJ (2008) Sposób wytwarzania paliwa z osadów z oczyszczalni ścieków i układ do wytwarzania paliwa z osadów z oczyszczalni ścieków [Method for the production of fuels from the sewage sludge, and system for the production of fuels from the sewage sludge], Patent No. 363587.
38.
ZuchelliL (2006) The current and future role of SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) in the European waste management industry, www.fead.be/uploads/documents/…/Zucchelli.ppt (accessed 26 February 2014).
