Sludge-based activated carbons (SACs) prepared from sewage sludge and corn straw, were modified by ferric nitrate, and the unmodified SAC and modified SAC were used as the adsorbing agent to treat the landfill leachate, the elimination capacity for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic matter in leachate were studied. Based on this, the physicochemical properties of SACs and the components changes in leachate were analyzed and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that under optimal experimental conditions, the elimination capacities of SAC372 for COD, biological oxygen demand over 5 days, and NH4+–N in the leachate were 81.58%, 54.73%, and 69.08%, respectively; while the adsorption capacities of modified SAC for these three substances were 86.25%, 63.51%, and 79.15%, respectively. The ferric nitrate modification improved the ability of SAC to eliminate COD and organic matter from leachate slightly, and made the adsorption occurred easily. The adsorption process of unmodified SAC was dominated by multi-layer adsorption, while the adsorption process of modified SAC was dominated by monolayer adsorption. The mass fraction of Fe (2p) in modified SAC remarkably increased, from 0.70% to 26.01%, organic functional groups certain phase of Fe oxides with different valence states were generated in SAC, which provided a substrate for iron–carbon micro electrolysis. After adsorbed by unmodified SAC and modified SAC adsorption, the total fluorescence intensity of in the leachate increased by 17.01% and 116.84%, respectively. Both two SACs could decompose the humic acid-like substances into aromatic protein organic compounds, and modified SAC could further decompose the soluble microbial byproduct-like substances.
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