Measurement of the NO x reduction effect on food wastewater during waste incineration

Abstract

Incineration is the most effective method for reducing the increasing waste volume. However, as the pollutants generated during incineration may cause secondary pollution, blocking them in advance is necessary. During incineration, prevention facilities are operated to reduce the amount of pollutants. Conventional selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) reduces nitrogen oxides (NO_x) by injecting ammonia and urea as reducing agents. In this study, the NO_x reduction effect on food wastewater (FW) was examined. In addition, the removal efficiency was compared at different concentrations of urea mixed with FW. When different concentrations of urea were injected in SNCR facilities A, B and C, NO_x removal efficiencies of up to 75% were observed; with FW injection only, removal efficiency was 56%; and when both urea and FW were injected, removal efficiency was up to 79%. Although FW showed a lower NO_x removal efficiency than urea, injecting both increased the efficiency. In addition, when air pollutant emissions and the incinerator temperature were analysed, we found that they could be managed without exceeding the allowed limits. However, for the injection and incineration of reducing agents, the characteristics of the incineration facility and reducing agents must be considered.

Keywords

Selective non-catalytic reduction food wastewater urea normalized stoichiometric ratio municipal solid waste

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Blejchař

Konvička

Heide

, et al. (2018) High temperature modification of SNCR technology and its impact on NOx removal process. EPJ Web of Conferences 180: 02009.

Botheju

Glarborg

Tokheima

(2013) The use of amine reclaimer wastes as a NOx reduction agent. Energy Procedia 37: 691–700.

Caton

Siebers

(1990) Effects of hydrogen addition on the removal of nitric oxide by cyanuric acid. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Combustion. The Combustion Institute 23: 225‒230.

Chung

Hyun

Song

(2016) Optimization of the food wastewater incineration with respect to CO and NOx emission characteristics. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 18: 455–459.

Daood

Javed

Gibbs

, et al. (2013) NOx control in coal combustion by combining biomass co-firing, oxygen enrichment and SNCR. Fuel 105: 283–292.

Fenimore

(1976) Reactions of fuel-nitrogen in rich flame gases. Combustion and Flame 26: 249‒256.

Filho

Voronova

Kloga

, et al. (2021) COVID-19 and waste production in households: A trend analysis. Science of the Total Environment 777: 145997.

Fiore

Gavasci

Lombardi

, et al. (1998) Removal of nitrogen oxides produced during waste incineration: Operation of a full-scale DeNO_x system. In: Gavasci

Zandaryaa

(eds) Environmental Engineering and Renewable Energy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.187‒196.

Furrer

Deuber

Hunsinger

, et al. (1998) Balance of NH₃ and behaviour of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in the selective non-catalytic reduction of nitric oxide at the TAMARA waste incineration plant. Waste Management 18: 417‒422.

10.

Gao

Tang

, et al. (2017) A review on selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 over Mn–based catalysts at low temperatures: Catalysts, mechanisms, kinetics and DFT calculations. Catalysts 7(7): 199.

11.

Gholami

Tomas

Gholami

Vakili

(2020) Technologies for the nitrogen oxides reduction from flue gas: A review. Science of the Total Environment 714: 136712.

12.

Gohlke

Weber

Seguin

, et al. (2010) A new process for NOx reduction in combustion systems for the generation of energy from waste. Waste Management 30: 1348–1354.

13.

Goörner

Lentjes

(1992) Regulation of combustion reaction for control of air pollution. In: Muezzinolu

Williams

(eds) Industrial Air Pollution: Assessment and Control. Springer, Berlin, 119‒130.

14.

Guan

Zhan

Lin

, et al. (2014) Review of state of the art technologies of selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust. Applied Thermal Engineering 66: 395–414.

15.

Hantoko

Pariatamby

, et al. (2021) Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Environmental Management 286: 112140.

16.

Harris

Zeyer

Kegel

, et al. (2015) Nitrous oxide and methane emissions and nitrous oxide isotopic composition from waste incineration in Switzerland. Waste Management 35: 135–140.

17.

Irfan

Farooq

(2017) Two-stage NO_x removal using high temperature urea SNCR and low temperature secondary additive injection. In: 3rd International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET), 4–6 April 2017, pp. 101–106. New York: IEEE.

18.

Javed

Nimmo

Mahmood

, et al. (2009) Effect of oxygenated liquid additives on the urea based SNCR process. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 3429–3435.

19.

Jodal

Neilsen

Hulgaard

, et al. (1989) A comparative study of NH3 and urea as reductants in selective non-catalytic reduction of nitric oxide. ACHEMASIA Beijing, China.

20.

Kang

Yuan

Zhao

, et al. (2017) Study of the performance, simplification and characteristics of SNCR de-NOx in large-scale cyclone separator. Applied Thermal Engineering 123: 635–645.

21.

Kobayashi

Hayakawam

Somarathne

KKA

, et al. (2019) Science and technology of ammonia combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37: 109‒133.

22.

Kosseva

(2013) Chapter 3 – Sources, characterization, and composition of food industry wastes. In: Kosseva

Webb

(eds) Food Industry Wastes Assessment and Recuperation of Commodities. London: Academic Press, pp. 67–85.

23.

Lodder

Lefers

(1985) Effect of natural gas, C₂H₆ and CO on the homogeneous gas phase reduction of NO_x by NH₃. Chemical Engineering Journal 30: 161‒167.

24.

Lyon

(1976) The NH₃-NO-O₂ reaction. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 8: 315–318.

25.

Mendoza-Covarrubias

Romero

Hernandez-Rosales

Agarwal

(2011) N₂O formation in selective non-catalytic NOx reduction processes. Journal of Environmental Protection 2: 1095–1100.

26.

Mia

Uddin

Kader

, et al. (2018) Pyrolysis and co-composting of municipal organic waste in Bangladesh: A quantitative estimate of recyclable nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic benefits. Waste Management 75: 503‒513.

27.

Miller

Branch

Kee

(1981) A chemical kinetic model for reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia. Combustion and Flame 44: 81–98.

28.

Miller

Bowman

(1989) Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 15: 287‒338.

29.

Miller

Glarborg

(1999) Modeling the thermal De-NOx process: Closing in on a final solution. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 31: 757–765.

30.

MOE (Ministry of Environment), Republic of Korea (2018) Environmental testing and Inspection. Available at: https://law.go.kr/engLsSc.do?menuId=1&subMenuId=21&tabMenuId=117# (accessed 12 December 2017).

31.

MOE (Ministry of Environment), Republic of Korea (2019a) Clean Air conservation Act. Available at: https://law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&query=air#liBgcolor0 (accessed 15 January 2019).

32.

MOE (Ministry of Environment), Republic of Korea (2019b) Wastes Control Act. Available at: https://law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&query=air#liBgcolor34 (accessed 16 April 2019).

33.

Morrison

(1980) Nitrogen Oxides from Coal Combustion Abatement and Control, IEA Coal Research, Technical Report. Available at: https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dshboard/searchReesults/titleDetail/N8124615.xhtml (accessed 1980).

34.

Pronobis

Wejkowski

Jagodzińska

, et al. (2017) Simplified method for calculating SNCR system efficiency, E3S Web of Conferences 14: 02003.

35.

Radojevic

(1998) Reduction of nitrogen oxides in flue gases. Nitrogen. In: Paper presented at the First International Nitrogen Conference 1998 on Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s 685‒689.

36.

Rosenberg

Curran

Slack

, et al. (1980) Post combustion methods for control of NO_x emissions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 6: 287‒302.

37.

Skalska

Miller

Ledakowicz

(2010) Trends in NO_x abatement: A review. Science of the Total Environment 408: 3976‒3989.

38.

Sun

Zhai

(2020) The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Sustainable Cities and Societies 62: 1023390.

39.

Sun

Zwolińska

Chmielewski

(2015) Abatement technologies for high concentrations of NO_x and SO₂ removal from exhaust gases: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 46: 119–142.

40.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2005) The Kyoto Protocol. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/fact_sheet_the_kyoto_protocol.pdf. (accessed 16 February 2005).

41.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2015) Paris Agreement. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (accessed 12 December 2015).

42.

Watanabe

Yamamoto

Okazaki

(2011) NO_x formation and reduction mechanisms in staged O₂/CO₂ combustion. Combustion and Flame 158: 1255‒1263.

43.

Weichert

(2000) Anwendung von Primarmaßnahmen zur Optimierung der NOx-Emission bei Feuerungsanlagen mit zeitlich veranderlichen Eintrittsgroßen insbesondere der Brennstoffzusammensetzung, TU Clausthal, Germany.

44.

Wenli

Dam-Johansen

Østergaard

(1990) Widening the temperature range of the thermal DeNO_x process. An experimental investigation. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Combustion. Orléans: The Combustion Institute, pp. 297‒303.

45.

WHO (World Health Organization) (2020a) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report 51. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10. (accessed 20 March 2020).

46.

WHO (World Health Organization) (2020b) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report 54. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200314-sitrep-54-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=dcd46351_8. (accessed 20 March 2020).

47.

Yang

Zhang

(2016) Selective non-catalytic reduction of flue gas in a circulating fluidized bed. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38: 921‒927.

48.

Zandaryaa

Gavasci

Lombardi

Fiore

(2001) Nitrogen oxides from waste incineration: control by selective non-catalytic reduction. Chemosphere 42: 491–497.

49.

Zhou

Yang

Liu

, et al. (2018) Toxicological risk by inhalation exposure of air pollution emitted from China’s municipal solid waste incineration. Environmental Science and Technology 52: 11490‒11499.