A simple correlation is theoretically presented and numerically studied for the temperature distribution of fire-induced flow along tunnel ceiling, which could correlate the flow temperature for various tunnel aspect ratios and fire intensities. The aspect ratio of the tunnel cross section in the numerical models varies from 0.5 to 2.0, and the heat release rate of the fire source varies from 4.4 to 22 MW. The numerical results indicate that the correlation could be utilized for all tunnels but with separate fitting constants for aspect ratios less than unity and greater than or equal to unity, including all fire intensities considered. This correlation could prove valuable in fire modeling and installation design of fire detectors in tunnel-shape buildings.
HongW-H. The progress and controlling situation of Daegu subway fire disaster. In: Sixth Asia-oceania symposium on fire science and technology. IAFSS, Daegu, Korea, 2004, pp.28–46.
2.
DelichatsiosMA. The flow of fire gases under a beamed ceiling. Combust Flame1981; 43: 1–10.
3.
KunschJP. Simple model for control of fire gases in a ventilated tunnel. Fire Saf J2002; 37(1): 67–81.
4.
HuLHHuoRWangHB. Experimental studies on fire-induced buoyant smoke temperature distribution along tunnel ceiling. Build Environ2007; 42(11): 3905–3915.
5.
KimMBHanYSYoonMO. Laser-assisted visualization and measurement of corridor smoke spread. Fire Saf J1998; 31(3): 239–251.
6.
HeY. Smoke temperature and velocity decays along corridors. Fire Saf J1999; 33(1): 71–74.
7.
HuLHHuoRLiYZ. Full-scale burning tests on studying smoke temperature and velocity along a corridor. Tunnelling Underground Space Technol2005; 20(3): 223–229.
8.
HuLHHuoRChowWK. Studies on buoyancy-driven back-layering flow in tunnel fires. Exp Therm Fluid Sci2008; 32(8): 1468–1483.
9.
BaileyJLForneyGPTatemPA. Development and validation of corridor flow submodel for CFAST. J Fire Protect Eng2002; 12(3): 139–161.
10.
LeeSRRyouHS. An experimental study of the effect of the aspect ratio on the critical velocity in longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires. J Fire Sci2005; 23(2): 119–138.
11.
McGrattanKHostikkaSFloydJ. Fire dynamics simulator (version 5) user’s guide. Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009.
12.
QuintiereJG. Scaling applications in fire research. Fire Saf J1989; 15(1): 3–29.
13.
LeeSRRyouHS. A numerical study on smoke movement in longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires for different aspect ratio. Build Environ2006; 41(6): 719–725.
14.
RohJSRyouHSKimDH. Critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation. Tunnelling Underground Space Technol2007; 22(3): 262–271.
15.
RohJSYangSSRyouHS. An experimental study on the effect of ventilation velocity on burning rate in tunnel fires-heptane pool fire case. Build Environ2008; 43(7): 1225–1231.
16.
LiYZLeiBIngasonH. Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires. Fire Saf J2011; 45(6–8): 361–370.
17.
McDermottRForneyGMcGrattanK. Fire dynamics simulator 6: complex geometry, embedded meshes, and quality assessment. In: PereiraJCFSequeiraA (eds) Fifth European conference on computational Fluid dynamics. Lisbon, Portugal: ECCOMAS CFD, 2010, pp.1–20.
18.
HillKDreisbachJJoglarF. Verification and validation of selected fire models for nuclear power plant applications. Washington, DC: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2007.
19.
JanssensMLTranHC. Data reduction of room tests for zone model validation. J Fire Sci1992; 10(6): 528–555.
20.
RobbinsAPWadeCA. Soot yield values for modelling purposes—residential occupancies. BRANZ Study Report No. 185. Judgeford, New Zealand: BRANZ, 2008.
21.
VedmanCCKubotaTZukoskiEE. An experimental investigation of the heat transfer from a buoyant gas plume to a horizontal ceiling—Part 1. Unobstructed ceiling. Progress Report, U.S. National Bureau of Standards, NBS-GCR-77–97, 1975.
22.
KunschJP. Critical velocity and range of a fire-gas plume in a ventilated tunnel. Atmos Environ1999; 33(1): 13–24.
23.
GaillardMA. Zur Aerodynamik der Zugbegegnung in Tunnel und auf offener Strecke, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Dissertation, ETH No. 4874, ETH-Zürich, 1973.
24.
BeylerCL. Fire plumes and ceiling jets. Fire Saf J1986; 11(1–2): 53–75.
