Public markets were once essential parts of the cityscape and they are becoming so again. Markets serve several purposes, social, political, and economic, and so planners interested in multipurpose tools for development will be interested in public markets. Markets can help achieve a variety of goals including place-making, employment, and entrepreneurship. This article focuses on markets as tools of business incubation. Archival data and literature shows how important markets once were to cities. Ethnographically collected data from Chicago's Maxwell Street market illustrates the individual and structural factors that account for businesses created at the market. Rural and urban markets are emerging or being rehabilitated all over the country — this research helps planners understand the history of markets, their multi-disciplinary nature, and the circumstances of people creating businesses at markets.
Bajada, Christopher, and Friedrich Schneider, eds. 2005. Size, causes and consequences of the underground economy: An international perspective . London: Ashgate.
2.
Balkin, Steven.1989. Self-employment for low-income people. New York: Praeger.
3.
Balkin, Steven, and Brian Mier.2001. Celebrating the third place: Inspiring stories about the "great good places" at the heart of our communities. Edited by Ray Oldenburg.New York: Marlowe & Co.
4.
Ball, Jennifer.2002. Street vending: A survey of ideas and lessons for planners. PAS 509. Chicago: APA Planning Advisory Service.
5.
Bandura, Albert.1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6.
Berkow, Ira.1977. Maxwell Street: Survival in a bazaar. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
7.
Bromley, Ray.2000. Street vending and public policy: A global review. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy20 (1/2): 1-28.
8.
Brown, A.2002. Farmers' market research 1940-2000: An inventory and review . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture17 (4): 167-76.
9.
Chicago Municipal Markets Commission (MMC).1914a. Preliminary report to the mayor and alderman of the city of Chicago. Chicago: MMC.
10.
Chicago Municipal Markets Commission (MMC).1914b. Report to the mayor and alderman by the Chicago Municipal Markets Commission on a practical plan for relieving destitution and unemployment in the city of Chicago. Chicago: MMC.
11.
Cutler, Irving.1996. The Jews of Chicago: From shtetl to suburb, the ethnic history of Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
12.
Deutsch, Gotthard.1904. Hawkers and peddlers. In The Jewish encyclopedia . New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
Eastwood, Carolyn.1991. Chicago's Jewish street peddlers. Chicago: Chicago Jewish Historical Society.
15.
Eastwood, Carolyn.2002. Near west side stories: Struggles for community in Chicago's Maxwell Street neighborhood. Chicago: Lake Claremont.
16.
Eckstein, Lorraine, and Stuart Plattner .1978. Ethnicity and occupations in Soulard Farmers Market, St. Louis, Missouri. Urban Anthropology7 (4): 361-71.
17.
Eisenburger, Max.2007. Planning and zoning for day labor centers . Zoning Practice9 (September): 2.
18.
Eshel, Shuli, and Roger Schatz.2004. Jewish Maxwell Street stories, voices of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia .
19.
Fairlie, Robert W., and Christopher M. Woodruff.2006. Mexican-American entrepreneurship. Hudson Institute Research Paper no. 06-03. http://ssrn.com/abstract=907681.
20.
Filion, Pierre, Heidi Hoernig, Trudi Bunting, and Gary Sands.2004. The successful few: Healthy downtowns of small metropolitan regions. Journal of the American Planning Association70 (3): 328-43.
21.
Fried, Benjamin. n.d. How markets can turn a place around. Project for Public Spaces . http://www.pps.org/markets/info/markets_articles/markets_placemaking .
22.
Gaber, John.1994. Manhattan's 14th Street vendors' market: Informal street peddlers' relationship with New York City's formal economy. Urban Anthropology23 (4): 373-404.
23.
Gaber, J., and S.L. Gaber.1997. Utilizing mixed-method research designs in planning: The case of 14th street, New York City. Journal of Planning Education and Research17 (2): 95-104.
24.
Gerend, Jenifer.2007. Temps welcome. Planning, December, 24-27.
25.
Hedden, W.P.1929. How great cities are fed. Boston: D.C. Heath.
26.
Hinshaw, Mark.2008. Great neighborhoods. Planning, January, 6-11.
27.
Hough, M.1995. Cities and natural process. London : Routledge.
28.
Hout, Michael, and Harvey Rosen.2000. Self-employment, family background, and race. Journal of Human Resources35 (4): 670-92.
29.
Kettles, Gregg W.2007. Legal responses to sidewalk vending: The case of Los Angeles, California. In Street entrepreneurs: People, place and politics in local and global perspective, ed. John C. Cross and Alfonso Morales, 58-78. London : Routledge.
30.
Knack, Ruth.2008. Great streets: What makes them special?Planning, January, 12-17.
31.
Lawson, Laura J.2005. City bountiful: A century of community gardening in America . Berkeley: University of California Press.
32.
Levine, Joseph.1979. From peddlers to merchants. Fort Wayne : Indiana Jewish Historical Society.
33.
Mayer, Harold M., and Richard C. Wade .1969. Chicago: Growth of a metropolis . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34.
Mayo, James M.1993. The American grocery store: The business evolution of an architectural space. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
35.
McMillian, John.2002. Reinventing the bazaar: A natural history of markets. New York: Norton.
36.
Morales, Alfonso.1993. Making money at the market: The social and economic logic of informal markets. Unpublished dissertation. Northwestern University, Department of Sociology, Evanston, IL.
37.
Morales, Alfonso.1998. Income tax compliance and alternative views of ethics and human nature. Journal of Accounting, Ethics and Public Policy1 (3): 21.
38.
Morales, Alfonso.2000. Peddling policy: Street vending in historical and contemporary context. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy20 (3): 14.
39.
Morales, Alfonso.2006. Chicago's Maxwell Street market: Promise and prospects . Evanston, IL: Maxwell Street Foundation .
40.
Morales, Alfonso. Forthcoming. A woman's place is on the Street: Purposes and problems of Mexican American women entrepreneurs. Wealth Creation and Business Formation Among Mexican-Americans: History, Circumstances and Prospects . ed. John S. Butler, Alfonso Morales and David Torres.West Lafayette, Purdue University Press.
41.
Morales, Alfonso, Steve Balkin, and Joe Persky.1995. The value of benefits of a public street market: The case of Maxwell Street. Economic Development Quarterly9 (4): 17.
42.
Pirenne, Henri.1925. Medieval cities: Their origins and the revival of trade . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43.
Polanyi, Karl, Conrad M. Arensberg, and Harry W. Pearson, eds. 1957. Trade and market in the early empires: Economies in history and theory. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
44.
Pozo, Susan, ed. 1996. Exploring the underground economy: Studies of illegal and unreported activity. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
45.
Project for Public Spaces. n.d. Public markets as a vehicle for social integration and upward mobility. http://www.pps.org/pdf/Ford_Report.pdf.
46.
Raijman, Rebeca.2001. Mexican immigrants and informal self-employment in Chicago . Human Organization60 (1): 47-56.
47.
Smith, James D.1987. Measuring the informal economy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science493:83-99.
48.
Tangires, Helen.2003. Public markets and civic culture in nineteenth-century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
49.
Tangires, Helen.2008. Public markets. New York: Norton.
50.
Urban Vitality Group.2008. Food cartology: Rethinking urban spaces as people places. http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=200738.
51.
Valenzuela, Abel, Jr.2001. Day labourers as entrepreneurs? Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies27 (2): 335-52.
52.
Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi.2006. Off the books: The underground economy of the urban poor . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53.
Wann, J.L., E.W. Cake, W.H. Elliott, and R.F. Burdette.1948. Farmers' produce markets in the United States, pt. 1, History and description. Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Agriculture.
54.
Wirth, Louis.1928. The ghetto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
