The purpose of this study was to test the Beck Depression Inventory—II (BDI-II) for factorial invariance across Turkish and U.S. college student samples. The results indicated that (a) a two-factor model has an adequate fit for both samples, thus providing evidence of configural invariance, and (b) there is a metric invariance but no sufficient evidence of scalar invariance across the two groups of students. Testing for differential item functioning (DIF) was also conducted to further investigate the measurement variance of the BDI-II at the item level. Large DIF values were found for 12 items of the BDI-II.
Ægisdóttir, S., Gerstein, L.H., & Cinarbas, D.C. (2008). Methodological issues in cross-cultural counseling research: Equivalence, bias and translations. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 188-219.
2.
Association for Assessment in Counseling. ( 2003). Assessment in action series: Standards for multicultural assessment. Retrieved from http:// www.theaaceonline.com/multicultural.pdf
3.
Aydın, G., & Demir, A. ( 1988). Çok Yönlü Depresyon Envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği [Reliability and validity of Multiscore Depression Inventory]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 1-6.
4.
Baloğlu, M., Masten, W.G., & Karagözoğlu, C. (2005, August). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with Turkish college students. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
5.
Baarnhielm, S. ( 2003). Clinical encounters with different illness realities: Qualitative studies of illness meaning and restructuring of illness meaning among two cultural groups of female patients in a multicultural area of Stockholm . Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved from https://hdl-handle-net.web.bisu.edu.cn/10616/39877
6.
Beck, A.T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. ( 1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 343-352.
7.
Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. ( 1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford.
8.
Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. ( 1988). Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
9.
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
10.
Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. ( 1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
11.
Brislin, R.W. ( 1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research. Cross-cultural research and methodology series (Vol. 8, pp. 47-83). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
12.
Brislin, R.W., Lonner, W.J., & Thorndike, R.M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York, NY: Wiley.
13.
Byrne, B.M. ( 2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 272-300.
14.
Byrne, B.M., & Campbell, T.L. (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: A look beneath the surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 30, 555-574.
15.
Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., Kennard, B.D., & Lee, P.W.H. (2007). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Hong Kong andAmerican adolescents. International Journal of Testing , 7, 293-309.
16.
Çarkoğlu, A., & Toprak, B. ( 2000). Turkiye’de din, toplum ve siyaset [Religion, society, and politics in Turkey]. Istanbul: TESEV Yayınları.
17.
Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R.B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling Journal, 9, 233-255.
18.
Cimilli, C. ( 1997). Depresyonla ilişkileri bağlamında Türkiye’nin sosyal ve kültürel özellikleri [Social and cultural characteristics of Turkey in the context of their relation to depression]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, 292-300.
19.
Dimitrov, D.M. ( 2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 43, 121-149.
20.
Dozois, D.J.A., Dobson, K.S., & Ahnberg, J.L. ( 1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II . Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89.
21.
Gureje, O., Simon, G.E., Üstün, T.B., & Goldberg, D.P. (1997). Somatization in cross cultural perspective: A World Health Organization study in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 989-995.
22.
Hamilton, M. ( 1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50-55.
23.
Hamilton, M. ( 1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
24.
Hisli, N. ( 1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma [A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory]. Pskoloji Dergisi, 6, 118-122.
25.
Hofstede, G. ( 1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London, England: McGraw-Hill.
26.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. ( 1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
27.
Jöreskog, K.G. ( 2005). Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables using LISREL. Retrieved from http://www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/techdocs/ordinal.pdf
28.
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to program and applications (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: SPSS.
29.
Kaygısız, A., & Alkın, T. (1999). Konversiyon bozukluğunda 1. ve 2. Eksen ruhsal bozukluk eştanıları [Comorbidity of Axis-I and Axis-II mental disorders in conversion disorder]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 33-39.
30.
Keyes, C.L.M., & Ryff, C.D. ( 2003). Somatization and mental health: A comparative study of the idiom of distress hypothesis. Social Science & Medicine , 57, 1833-1845.
31.
Kirmayer, L.J., Dao, T.H.T., & Smith, A. ( 1998). Somatization and psychologization: Understanding cultural idioms of distress. In S. O. Okpaku (Ed.), Clinical methods in transcultural psychiatry (pp. 233-265). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
32.
Kirmayer, L.J., & Taillefer, S. ( 1997). Somatoform disorders. In S. M. Turner & M. Hersen (Eds.), Adult psychopathology and diagnosis (3rd ed., pp. 333-383). New York, NY: Wiley.
33.
Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. ( 2002). Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299.
34.
Krueger, R.F., Chentsova-Dutton, Y.E., Markon, K.E., Goldberg, D., & Ormel, J. ( 2003). A cross-cultural study of the structure of comorbidity among common psychopathological syndromes in the general health care setting . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 437-448.
35.
Messick, S. ( 1989). Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). New York, NY: Macmillan.
36.
Messick, S. ( 1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performance as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50, 741-749.
37.
Mirdal, G.M. ( 1985). The condition of "tightness": The somatic complaints of Turkish migrant women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 287-296.
38.
Osman, A., Downs, W.R., Barrios, F.X., Kopper, B.A., Gutierrez, P.M., & Chiros, C.E. ( 1997). Factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 19, 359-376.
Steer, R.A., & Clark, D.A. ( 1997). Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30, 128-136.
41.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. ( 2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
42.
Teğin, B. ( 1980). Depresyonda bilişsel bozukluklar: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme [Cognitive distortions in depression: An investigation based on Beck’s model]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
43.
Teğin, B. ( 1987). Depresyonda bilişsel süreçler: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme [Cognitive processes in depression: An investigation based on Beck’s model]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 116-123.
44.
van de Vijver, F.J.R., & Leung, K. ( 1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research . Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
45.
Waller, N.G., Compas, B.E., Hollon, S.D., & Beckjord, E. ( 2005). Measurement of depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer and women with clinical depression: A differential item functioning analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings , 12, 127-141.
46.
Wang, L., Fan, X., & Willson, V.L. ( 1996). Effects of nonnormal data on parameter estimates and fit indices for a model with latent and manifest variables: An empirical study . Structural Equation Modeling, 3, 228-247.
47.
Ward, L.C. ( 2006). Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 18, 81-88.
48.
Watson, W.H., & McDaniel, S.H. (2000). Relational therapy in medical settings: Working with somatizing patients and their families. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 56, 1065-1082.
49.
Whisman, M.A., Perez, J.E., & Ramel, W. ( 2000). Factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) in a student sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 545-551.
