This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on the activity of oral peroxidase (OPO) after berberine was added to the cigarette filter. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) was chosen to load berberine as a part of the cellulose acetate (CA) filter to obtain the modified B-ACF cigarette filter. Then the effects of CS from the testing cigarettes on the activity of OPO were investigated in vitro by the 2-nitrobenzoic acid assay, and the smoke chemistry was also analyzed, especially the content of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the CS. The results indicated that the loss of activity of OPO in B-ACF filter cigarette group decreased by 20% and 25%, compared with those of ACF and CA filter cigarette groups, respectively. The relative residual activity of OPO in B-ACF filter group was increased with the increase of berberine in the filter compared with the CA filter group. It could be observed that the reduction in HCN might be related to the berberine in the cigarette filter, reducing the inhibition of CS on the activity of OPO.
AdamsJO'Mara-AdamsKJHoffmannD (1987) Toxic and carcinogenic agents in undiluted mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke of different types of cigarettes. Carcinogenesis8(5): 729–731.
2.
AllamEZhangWAl-ShibaniN. (2011) Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Archives of Oral Biology56(10): 1154–1161.
3.
BhutadaPMundhadaYBansodK. (2010) Inhibitory effect of berberine on the motivational effects of ethanol in mice. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry34(8): 1472–1479.
4.
ChenQYHuYLWangFP (2006) Research advances in plant source active substances of inhibition tobacco virus diseases. Chinese Tobacco Science3:19–21.
5.
DonettiEGualerziABedoniM. (2010) Desmoglein 3 and keratin 10 expressions are reduced by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in human keratinised oral mucosa explants. Archives of Oral Biology55(10): 815–823.
6.
GreabuMBattinoMTotanA. (2007) Effect of gas phase and particulate phase of cigarette smoke on salivary antioxidants. What can be the role of vitamin C and pyridoxine? Pharmacological Reports59(5): 613–618.
7.
GreabuMTotanABattinoM. (2008) Cigarette smoke effect on total salivary antioxidant capacity, salivary glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. BioFactors33(2): 129–136.
8.
HoYTYangJSLiTC. (2009) Berberine suppresses in vitro migration and invasion of human SCC-4 tongue squamous cancer cells through the inhibitions of FAK, IKK, NF-κB, u-PA and MMP-2 and -9. Cancer Letters279(2): 155–162.
9.
HoffmannDHoffmannI (2001) The changing cigarette: Chemical studies and bioassays. Smoking and Tobacco Control MonographNo.13, Chapter 5: 159–191.
10.
IizukaNMiyamotoKOkitaK. (2001) Inhibitory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine on the proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell lines. Cancer Letters148(1): 19–25.
11.
International Organization for Standardization. 1991. International Standard ISO 3402. Tobacco and Tobacco Products Atmosphere for Conditioning and Testing. 3rd ed. Geneva: ISO.
12.
International Organization for Standardization. 1995. International Standard ISO 8454. Cigarettes. Determination of Carbon Monoxide in the Vapour Phase of Cigarette Smoke—NDIR Method. Geneva: ISO.
13.
International Organization for Standardization. 1999. International Standard ISO 10362-1. Cigarettes. Determination of Water in Smoke Condensates—Gas Chromatographic Method. Geneva: ISO.
14.
International Organization for Standardization. 2000a. International Standard ISO 4387. Cigarettes. Determination of Total and Nicotine-Free Dry Particulate Matter Using a Routine Analytical Smoking Machine. Geneva: ISO.
15.
International Organization for Standardization. 2000b. International Standard ISO 10315. Cigarettes. Determination of Nicotine in Smoke Condensates—Gas Chromatographic Method. Geneva: ISO.
16.
KleinINaglerRMTofflerRvan Der VlietAReznickAZ (2003) Effect of cigarette smoke on oral peroxidase activity in human saliva: role of hydrogen cyanide. Free Radical Biology and Medicine35(11): 1448–1452.
17.
LiCY (2004) Removal of trace hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke by adsorption and catalytic oxidation. Dissertation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha.
18.
MengDLLiuSH (2006) The development and application of herbal medical additions to Chinese cigarettes. Chinese Tobacco Science3: 19–20.
19.
MiyazakiMOhnoSFutatsugiMSaekiHOhgaTWatanabeM (2002) The relation of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking to the multiple occurrence of esophageal dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Surgery131(1 Suppl): S7–S13.
NaglerRM (2007) Altered salivary profile in heavy smokers and its possible connection to oral cancer. The International Journal of Biological Markers22(4): 274–280.
22.
NaglerRBen-IzhakOSavulescuD. (2010) Oral cancer, cigarette smoke and mitochondrial 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO)—in vitro, in vivo, salivary analysis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1802(5): 454–461.
23.
NaglerRMKleinIReznickAZ (2001) The interaction between saliva and cigarette smoke and its devastating biological effects as related to oral cancer. Harefuah140(7): 614–618.
24.
PengPLHsiehYSWangCJHsuJLChouFP (2006) Inhibitory effect of berberine on the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology214(1): 8–15.
25.
ReznickAZKleinIEiserichJPCrossCENaglerRM (2003) Inhibition of oral peroxidase activity by cigarette smoke: in vivo and in vitro studies. Free Radical Biology and Medicine34(3): 377–384.
26.
SmithCJLivingstonSDDoolittleDJ (1997) An international literature survey of ‘IARC Group I carcinogens’ reported in mainstream cigarette smoke. Food and Chemical Toxicology35(10-11): 1107–1130.
27.
WatanabeKHDjordjevicMVStellmanSD. (2009) Incremental lifetime cancer risks computed for benzo[a]pyrene and two tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke compared with lung cancer risks derived from epidemiologic data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology55(2): 123–133.
28.
WuXXLiuSJ (2002) Study of inhibition of fluoride to oral peroxidase activity. Chinese Journal of Conservative Dentistry12(8): 431–433.
29.
XuAQ (2007) Research on the modified activated carbon fiber for selective reducing the CO content of cigarette smoke. Dissertation. Nanjin Normal University, Nanjin.
30.
XueLNepomucenoJGZhuangS. Philip Morris USA Inc.Activated carbon fiber cigarette filter. Patent 7552735B2, USA, 2009.
31.
ZengMYLiMMZhaoXW (1995) Reports on the toxicity of berberine abroad. Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacology6(3): 47–48.
32.
ZhangYPChen DJZhangGQXie JDLu HL (2008) The application of Chinese herbal medicine in making less harmful Chinese cigarette. Science and Technology Information11: 33–34.
