The herbicide itself and the degradation products are highly toxic on biological systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential toxic effects of trifluralin (TRF) on the urinary system of male rats and to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) in TRF-induced urinary system damage. A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: (1) control group, (2) sham group, (3) low dose TRF group (0.8 g/kg/day), (4) high dose TRF group (2 g/kg/day) and (5) high dose TRF + RSV group 10 mg/kg/day. RSV was administered for 21 days by intragastric gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day after induction of TRF. Kidney, ureter and urinary bladder tissue was examined using light microscopy and ultrastructurally. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling was performed to detect apoptosis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also evaluated biochemically for oxidative stress parameters. Histological evaluation showed that TRF increases apoptosis and oxidative stress, causes histological tissue damages and biochemical changes in the kidneys but does not cause any damage to the ureter and bladder. Treatment with RSV significantly attenuated tissue damage in the urinary system of rats. Apopitotic cells were significantly decreased in the treatment group. Additionally, treatment with RSV decreased SOD and GPx levels and increased MDA levels in the kidney tissue of animals subjected to TRF. These results show that RSV can significantly minimize histological damage and biochemical differences in treating TRF-induced kidney injury in rats.
AbarikwuSOAdesiyanACOyelojaTOOyeyemiMOFarombiEO (2010) Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology58(3): 874–882.
2.
BichoRCAmaralMJFaustinoAMRPowerDMRêmaACarreteroMA. (2013) Thyroid disruption in the lizard Podarcis bocagei exposed to a mixture of herbicides: a field study. Ecotoxicology22(1): 156–165.
3.
BrovwerEJEveloCTVerplankeAJWelieRT (1991) Biological effect monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3 dichloropropene: effects on liver and renal function and on glutathione conjugation. British. Journal of Industial Medicine48(3): 167–172.
4.
BurkFRLawrenceARLaneMJ (1980) Liver necrosis and lipid peroxidation in the rat as the result of paraquat and diquat administration. The Journal of Clinical Investigation65(5): 1024–1031.
5.
CecconiSRossiGCartaGLuigiGDCelliniVCanipariR. (2013) Effects of trifluralin on the mouse ovary. 28: 201–206.
6.
CobleJHoppinJAEngelLElciOCDosemeciMLynchCF. (2002) Prevalence of exposure to solvents, metals, grain dust, and other hazards among farmers in the agricultural health study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology12(6): 418–426.
7.
EbertELeistKHHackREhlingG (1992) Toxicology and hazard potential of trifluralin. Food and Chemical Toxicology30(12): 1031–1044.
8.
FalchettiRFuggettaMPLanzilliGTricaricoMRavagnanG (2001) Effects of resveratrol on human immune cell function. Life Sciences70(1): 81–96.
9.
FitzpatrickDFHirschfieldSLRicciTJantzenPCoffeyRG (1995) Endothelium, dependent vasorelaxation caused by various plant extracts. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology26(1): 90–95.
10.
FremontL (2000) Biological effects of resveratrol. Life Sciences66(8): 663–673.
11.
FulgenziABertelliAAMagniEFerreroEFerreroME (2001) In vivo inhibition of TNF alpha- induced vascular permeability by resveratrol. Transplantation Proceedings33(3): 2341–2343.
12.
GaoXXuYXJanakiramanNChapmanRAGautamSC (2001) Immunomodulatory activity of resveratrol: suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, development of cellmediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Biochemical Pharmacology62(9): 1299–1308.
13.
GehmBDMcAndrewsJMChienPYJamesonJL (1997) Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences94(25): 14138–14143.
14.
Gerogiannaki-ChristopoulouMAthanasopoulosPKyriakidisNGerogiannakiIASpanosM (2006) Trans-resveratrol in wines from the major Greek red and white grape varieties. Food Control17(9): 700–706.
15.
GreenleeAREllisTMBergRL (2004) Low-dose agrochemicals and lawn-care pesticides induce developmental toxicity in murine preimplantation embryos. Environmental Health Perspectives112(6): 703–709.
16.
GroverRWoltJDCessnaAJSchieferHB (1997) Environmental fate of trifluralin. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology153: 1–64.
17.
HessRABunickDLeeKHBahrJTaylorJAKorachKS. (1997) A role for estrogens in the male reproductive system. Nature390(6659): 509–511.
18.
HongSWJungKHZhengHMLeeHSSuhJKParkIS. (2010) The protective effect of resveratrol on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Archieves of Pharmacal Research33(4): 601–609.
19.
HungLMSuMJChuWKChiaoCWChanWFChenJK (2002) The protective effect of resveratrols on ischaemia-reperfusion injuries of rat hearts is correlated with antioxidant efficacy. British Journal of Pharmacology135(7): 1627–1633.
20.
JacobsonARGerigJY (1988) Metabolism of profluralin in rats. Chemical Research in Toxicology1(5): 304–311.
21.
JägerUNguyen-DuongH (1999) Relaxant effect of trans-resveratrol on isolated porcine coronary arteries. Arzneimittelforschung49(3): 207–211.
22.
JiangYGPengTLuoYLiMCLinYH (2008) Resveratrol reestablishes spermatogenesis after testicular injury in rats caused by 2,5-hexanedione. Chinese Medical Journal121(13): 1204–1209.
23.
JudgeCANealJCLeidyRB (2003) Trifluralin (Preen) dissipation from the surface layer of a soilless plant growth substrate. Journal of Environmental Horticulture21(4): 216–222.
24.
Kasdallah-GrissaAMornaguiBAouaniEHammamiMGharbiNKamounA. (2006) Protective effects of resveratrol on ethanol induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Alcohol Alcoholism41(3): 236–239.
25.
KurusMUgrasMEsrefogluM (2009) Effect of resveratrol on tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis in kidneys of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Toxicology and Industrial Health25(8): 539–544.
26.
LangcakePPryceRJ (1977) The production of resveratrol and the viniferins by grapevines in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Phytochemistry16(8): 1193–1196.
27.
LitchfieldMH (1999) Agricultural work related injury and ill-health and the economic cost. Environmental Sciences and Pollutional Research6(3): 175–182.
28.
NehezMPaldyASelypesABerencesiG (1980) Experiments on mutagenic effect of two pesticides, DNOC and trifluralin. Mutation Research74: 202–203.
29.
NigdikarSVWilliamsNRGriffinBAHowardAN (1998) Consumption of red wine polypenols reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in vivo. The Americal Journalo of Clinical Nutrition68(2): 258–265.
30.
OrtonFLutzIKloasWRoutledgeEJ (2009) Endocrine disrupting effects of herbiicides and pentachlorophenol: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Environmental Science and Technology43(6): 2144–2150.
31.
OzakiKMahlerJFHasemanJKMoomawCRNicoletteMLNyskaA (2001) Unique renal tubule changes induced in rats and mice by the peroxisome proliferators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and WY-14643. Toxicologic Pathology29(4): 440–450.
32.
PolesicVKaranV (1999) Effects of trifluralin on carp: biochemical and histological evaluation. Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Safety43(2): 213–221.
33.
PopendorfWDonhamKJ (1991) Agricultural hygiene. In: Clayton GD and Clayton FE (eds) Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 4th ed, Vol 1, Pt A.New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 721–761.
34.
RavenzwaayVBMellertWDeckartdtKKüttlerK (2005) The comparative toxicology of 4-chloro-2methylphenoxyacetic acid and its plant metabolite 4-chloro-2-carboxyphenoxyacetic acid in rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology42(1): 47–54.
35.
SaghirSACharlesGDBartelsMJKanLHDryzgaMDBrzakKA. (2008) Mechanism of trifluralin-induced thyroid tumors in rats. Toxicology Letters180(1): 38–45.
36.
SamaiMSharpeMAGardPRChatterjeePK (2007) Comparison of the effects of the superoxide dismutase mimetics EUK-134 and tempol on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine43(4): 528–534.
37.
SenerGTuğtepeHYükselMCetinelSGedikNYeğenBC (2006) Resveratrol improves ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative renal injury in rats. Archives of Medical Research37(7): 822–829.
38.
ShariatiMNoorafshanAMoktariMAskariHR (2008) The effects of trifluralin on LH, FSH and testosterone hormone levels and testis histological changes in adult rats. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility2(1): 23–28.
39.
ShaverCSTongT (1991) Chemical hazards to agricultural workers. Occupational Medicine6(3): 391–413.
40.
SignorelliPGhidoniR (2005) Resveratrol as an anticancer nutrient. Molecular basis, open questions and promises. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry16(8): 449–466.
41.
SinhaSPanneerselvamNShanmugamG (1998) Fluchloralin is cytotoxic and genotoxic and induces apoptosis in mammalian cells. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis31(3): 257–262.
42.
SoleasGJDiamandisEPGoldbergDM (1997) Resveratrol: a molecule whose time has come and gone. Clinical Biochemistry30(2): 91–113.
43.
TapanainenJSTillyJLVihkoKKHsuehAJ (1993) Hormonal control of apoptotic cell death in the testis: gonadotropins and androgens as testicular cell survival factors. Molecular Endocrinology7(5): 643–650.
44.
TayebWNakbiATrabelsiMMiledAHammamiM (2012) Biochemical and histological evaluation of kidney damage after sub-acute exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rats: involvement of oxidative stres. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods22(9): 696–704.
45.
UguralpSMızrakBBay KarabulutA (2005a) Resveratrol reduces ischemia reperfusion injury after experimental testicular torsion. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery15(2): 114–119.
46.
UguralpSUstaUMızrakB (2005b) Resveratrol may reduce apoptosis of rat testicular germ cells after experimental testicular torsion. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery15(5): 333–336.
47.
UyanikgilYAteşUBakaMBiçerSOztaşEErgenG (2009) Immunohistochemical and histopathological evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced changes in rat kidney cortex. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology82(6): 749–755.
48.
WauchopeRDButtlerTMHornsbyAGAugustijn BeckersPWMBurtJP (1992) The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology123: 1–155.
49.
WeichenthalSMoaseCChanP (2010) A review of pesticide exposure and cancer incidence in the agricultural health study cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives118(8): 1117–1125.
50.
XingHLiSWangZGaoXShiwen XuSWangX (2012) Histopathological changes and antioxidant response in brain and kidney of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos. Chemosphere88(4): 377–383.
51.
YeniceriogluYYilmazOSariogluSOrmenMAkanPCelikA. (2006) Effects of n-acetylcysteine on radiocontrast nephropathy in rats. Journal of Urology and Nephrology40(1): 63–69.
