Bilayered electrospun membranes for skin tissue engineering and wound dressings were developed using Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), collagen (COLL), chitosan (CH), and a tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) are crosslinked with quercetin (QU). To maintain a sustained release of drug from the membrane we have developed a novel crosslinked two layered stable PVA fibrous mat, top layer composed of PVA/CH/TSP and quercetin and the bottom layer is composed of PVA/CH/COLL. Developed bilayered scaffolds were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and their surface morphologies exhibited random fibrous orientation with porous morphology. Cross sectional images showed the junction of the bilayered scaffold with different fiber morphology between the layers. The results revealed fibrous bilayer separation confirming the bilayered scaffold with uniform porosity which is beneficial for tissue engineering application, moreover the PVA fibrous mats are stable after crosslinking it with quercetin, more than 24 h. Invitro biological studies results also showed desirable cell viability on fibroblast cells with increased proliferation and adhesion on the bilayer material making it potential for targeted tissue engineering application.
AbbasianMMassoumiBMohammad-RezaeiR, et al. Scaffolding polymeric biomaterials: are naturally occurring biological macromolecules more appropriate for tissue engineering?. Int J Biol Macromol2019; 134: 673–694.
2.
VasitaRKattiDS.Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering. Int J Nanomed2006; 1(1): 15–30.
3.
DongYZhengYZhangK, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous materials for wound healing. Adv Fiber Mat2020; 2: 212–227.
4.
CaoHLiuTChewSY.The application of nanofibrous scaffolds in neural tissue engineering. Adv Drug Delivery Rev2009; 61(12): 1055–1064.
5.
XuCYInaiRKotakiM, et al. Aligned biodegradable nanofibrous structure: a potential scaffold for blood vessel engineering. Biomaterials2004; 25(5): 877–886.
6.
ZhaoGZhangXLuTJ, et al. Recent advances in electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mat2015; 25(36): 5726–5738.
7.
HeCNieWFengW.Engineering of biomimetic nanofibrous matrices for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J Mat Chem B2014; 2(45): 7828–7848.
8.
IngavleGCLeachJK.Advancements in electrospinning of polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Tiss Eng Part B Rev2014; 20(4): 277–293.
9.
MostafaviEMedina-CruzDKalantariK, et al. Electroconductive nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Bioelectricity2020; 2(2): 120–149.
10.
KoepsellLA.The development of electrospun polycaprolactone nano/micro-fibers for tissue engineering of the annulus fibrosus. University of South Dakota; 2011.
11.
CenLLiuWECuiLE, et al. Collagen tissue engineering: development of novel biomaterials and applications. Ped Res2008; 63(5): 492–496.
12.
NimniMEHarknessRD.Molecular structure and functions of collagen. In Collagen2018 Jan 18 (pp. 1–78). CRC Press.
IslamMMAbuSamraDBChivuA, et al. Optimization of collagen chemical crosslinking to restore biocompatibility of tissue-engineered scaffolds. Pharmaceutics2021; 13(6): 832.
15.
LiYLiuYLiR, et al. Collagen-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mat Des2021; 210: 110049.
16.
GorgievaSKokolV.Collagen-vs Gelatine-based biomaterials and their biocompatibility: review and perspectives. Biomat Appl Nanomed2011; 2: 17–52.
17.
ZhuJLiZZouY, et al. Advanced application of collagen-based biomaterials in tissue repair and restoration. J Leather Sci Eng2022; 4(1): 30.
18.
KeshvardoostchokamiMMajidiSSHuoP, et al. Electrospun nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers as artificial extracellular matrix for tissue engineering. Nanomaterials2020; 11(1): 21.
19.
TanLWanALiH, et al. Biocompatible quantum dots–chitosan nanocomposites for fluorescence detection of nitric oxide. Mat Chem Phys2012; 134(2–3): 562–566.
20.
SynowieckiJAl-KhateebNA. (2003). Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 43(2): 145–171.
21.
PenicheCArgüelles-MonalWPenicheH, et al. Chitosan: an attractive biocompatible polymer for microencapsulation. Macromol Biosci2003; 3(10): 511–520.
22.
Riaz RajokaMSZhaoLMehwishHM, et al. Chitosan and its derivatives: synthesis, biotechnological applications, and future challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2019; 103: 1557–1571.
23.
MikušováVMikušP.Advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci2021; 22(17): 9652.
24.
KishoreCJiVKrishnanS, et al. Plant polysaccharides for cancer theranostics. In Plant polysaccharides as pharmaceutical excipients2023 (pp. 453–468). Elsevier.
25.
GaurNParvezN.Extraction and characterization of polysaccharide from tamarind seed for its pharmaceutical application. World J Pharm Res2019; 8(7): 1219–1230.
26.
ChielliniECortiAD’AntoneS, et al. Biodegradation of poly (vinyl alcohol) based materials. Prog Poly Sci2003; 28(6): 963–1014.
27.
GadhaveRVMahanwarPAGadekarPT.Effect of glutaraldehyde on thermal and mechanical properties of starch and polyvinyl alcohol blends. Desig Mono Poly2019; 22(1): 164–170.
28.
RamamoorthyTSolomanAMAnnamalaiD, et al. Facile crosslinking of PVA scaffolds using quercetin for biomaterial applications. Mat Lett2024; 364: 136307.
29.
GuptaCUGuptaCS.Phytochemicals and antioxidants: an evaluation in understanding the human lifeline. Curr Nutri Food Sci2013; 9(4): 298–309.
30.
CaiXFangZDouJ, et al. Bioavailability of quercetin: problems and promises. Curr Med Chem2013; 20(20): 2572–2582.
31.
ChawananorasestKSaengtongdeePKaemchantuekP.Extraction and characterization of tamarind (Tamarind indica L.) seed polysaccharides (TSP) from three difference sources. Molecules2016; 21(6): 775.
32.
MasilamaniDMadhanBShanmugamG, et al. Extraction of collagen from raw trimming wastes of tannery: a waste to wealth approach. J Clean Prod2016; 113: 338–344.
33.
NielsenSS.Phenol-sulfuric acid method for total carbohydrates. Food Anal Lab Man2010; 4: 47–53.
34.
MukherjeeSGopinathAMadhanB, et al. Vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy as a probe for the detection of collagen fibril and fibrillation in solution. Biosen Bioelect X2022; 10: 100108.
35.
HasanMMShahidMA.PVA, licorice, and collagen (PLC) based hybrid bio-nano scaffold for wound healing application. J Biomat Sci Pol Ed2023; 34(9): 1217–1236.
36.
HuangFWeiQCaiY, et al. Surface structures and contact angles of electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofiber membranes. Int J Pol Anal Charact2008; 13(4): 292–301.
37.
MuthusamySMahendiranBSampathS, et al. Hydroxyapatite nanophases augmented with selenium and manganese ions for bone regeneration: physiochemical, microstructural and biological characterization. Mat Sci Eng C2021; 126: 112149.
38.
XieXYuJZhaoZ, et al. Fabrication and drug release properties of curcumin-loaded silk fibroin nanofibrous membranes. Adsorp Sci Technol2019; 37(5-6): 412–424.
39.
ElangovanSMKumarSMSindhuV, et al. Extraction, characterization and biological activity of Galactomannan rich endosperm of Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) suitable for biofabrication of tissue scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol2023; 251: 126397.
40.
NongalleimaKAjunglaTSinghCB, et al. Phytochemical, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonols content estimation in Citrus macroptera Montruz. J Med Plants Stud2017; 5(3): 114–211.
41.
UshaRJaimohanSMRajaramA, et al. Aggregation and self assembly of non-enzymatic glycation of collagen in the presence of amino guanidine and aspirin: an in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol2010; 47(3): 402–409.
42.
XuLCBauerJWSiedleckiCA.Proteins, platelets, and blood coagulation at biomaterial interfaces. Coll Surf B Biointerf2014; 124: 49–68.
43.
ZhaoTJiangL.Contact angle measurement of natural materials. Coll Surf B Biointerf2018; 161: 324–330.
44.
TampauAGonzález-MartínezCChiraltA.Polyvinyl alcohol-based materials encapsulating carvacrol obtained by solvent casting and electrospinning. React Funct Pol2020; 153: 104603.
45.
DahlSLRhimCSongYC, et al. Mechanical properties and compositions of tissue engineered and native arteries. Ann Biomed Eng2007; 35: 348–355.
