Two-photon polymerization technique was applied to generate three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-like structures using the photosensitive organic—inorganic hybrid polymer ORMOCER®. The structures were studied with respect to potential applications as scaffold for tissue engineering. Cell counting and comet assay, respectively, demonstrated that doubling time and DNA strand breaks of CHO cells, GFSHR-17 granulosa cells, GM-7373 endothelial cells, and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were not affected by ORMOCER®. ORMOCER® related alteration of formation of tissue specific cell-to-cell adhesions like gap junctions was ruled out by double whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Additionally, growth of cells on the vertical surfaces of 3D structures composed of ORMOCER® is shown.
Arosarena, O. (2005). Tissue engineering, Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 13: 233—241.
2.
Hutmacher, D.W. (2001). Scaffold Design and Fabrication Technologies for Engineering Tissues — State of the Art and Future Perspectives, J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn., 12: 107—124.
3.
Hass, K.H. and Wolter, H. (1999). Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Inorganic-organic Copolymers (ORMOCER®s), Curr. Opin. Sol. State Mater. Sci. , 4: 571—580.
4.
Doraiswamy, A. , Jin, C., Narayan, R.J., Mageswaran, P., Mente, P., Modi, R., Auyeung, R., Chrisey, D.B., Ovsianikov, A. and Chichkov, B. (2006). Two Photon Induced Polymerization of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Biomaterials for Microstructured Medical Devices , Acta Biomater., 2: 267—275.
5.
Obi, S., Gale, M.T., Gimkiewicz, C. and Westenhöfer, S. (2004). Replicated Optical MEMS in Sol-Gel Materials, IEEE J Sel. Top. Quant. Elect., 10: 440—444.
6.
Serbin, J., Egbert, A., Ostendorf, A., Chichkov, B., Houbertz, R., Domann, G., Schulz, J., Cronauer, C., Fröhlich, L. and Popall, M. (2003). Femtosecond Laser-Induced Two-Photon Polymerisation of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials for Applications in Photonics, Opt. Lett., 28: 301—303.
7.
Serbin, J., Ovsianikov, A. and Chichkov, B.N. (2004). Fabrication of Woodpile Structures by Two-photon Polymerisation and Investigation of Their Optical Properties, Opt. Express, 12: 5221—5228.
8.
Farsari, M., Filippidis, G. and Fotakis, C. (2005). Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Structures by Three-Photon Polymerization, Opt. Lett., 30: 3180—3182.
9.
Hammond, T.G. , Benes, E., O'Reilly, K.C., Wolf, D.A., Linnehan, R.M., Taher, A., Kaysen, J.H., Allen, P.L. and Goodwin, T.J. (2000). Mechanical Culture Conditions Effect Gene Expression: Gravity-induced Changes on the Space Shuttle , Physiol. Genomics, 3: 163—173.
10.
Buestrich, R., Kahlenberg, F., Popall, M., Dannberg, P., Müller-Fiedler , R. and Rösch, O. (2001). ORMOCER®s for Optical Interconnection Technology, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 20: 181—186.
11.
Ngezahayo, A., Altmann, B. and Kolb, H.-A. (2003). Regulation of Ion Fluxes, Cell Volume and Gap Junctional Coupling by cGMP in GFSHR-17 Granulosa Cells, J. Membr. Biol., 194: 165—176.
12.
Ivancsits, S., Diem, E., Pilger, A., Rüdiger, H.W. and Jahn, O. (2002). Induction of DNA-Strand Breaks by Intermittent Exposure to Extremely-low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Human Diploid Fibroblasts, Mut. Res., 519: 1—13.
13.
Ngezahayo, A., Altmann, B., Steffens, M. and Kolb, H.-A. (2005). Gap Junction Coupling and Apoptosis in GFSHR-17 Granulosa Cells, J. Membr. Biol. , 204: 137—144.
14.
Seyfert, S. , Vogt, A. and Kabbeck-Kupijai , D. (1995). Adhesion of Leucocytes to Microscope Slides as Influenced by Electrostatic Interaction, Biomaterials, 16: 201—207.
15.
Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Stevens, D.R. and Yamada, K.M. (2001). Taking Cell-Matrix Adhesions to the Third Dimension, Science., 294: 1708—1712.
16.
Fujimoto, K. , Nagafuch, A., Tsukita, S., Kuraoka, A., Ohokuma, A. and Shibata, Y. (1997). Dynamics of Connexins, E-cadherin and Alpha-catenin on Cell Membranes During Gap Junction Formation , J Cell Sci., 110: 311—322.
17.
Skalak, R. and Fox, C.F. (1991). Tissue engineering, Ann Biomed Eng., 19: 529—533.
