In this study, the effects of wollastonite on proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSCs) have been investigated based on a polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV)/ wollastonite (W) composite scaffolds system. Cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation were measured. The results showed that the incorporation of wollastonite benefited hBMSCs adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation rate. In addition, an increase of proliferation and differentiation rate was observed when the wollastonite content in the PHBV/W composite scaffolds increased from 10 to 20 wt%. Based on our previous studies on PHBV/W composite discs, the differentiation measurements in this paper further proved that the wollastonite itself can stimulate the hBMSCs to differentiate toward osteoblasts without any osteogenic medium, and the ionic products (Ca and Si) released from wollastonite might contribute to this advantage. It is also suggested that the osteogenic differentiation of the hBMSCs can be affected by adjusting the wollastonite content in the composite scaffolds.
Wang, M. ( 2003). Developing Bioactive Composite Materials for Tissue Replacement , Biomaterials, 24: 2133-2151.
2.
Verrier, S., Blaker, J.J.Maquet, V., Hench, L.L. and Boccaccini, A.R. ( 2004). PDLLA/Bioglass® Composites for Soft-tissue and Hard-tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Cell Biology Assessment, Biomaterials , 25: 3013-3021.
3.
Chen, L.J. and Wang, M. ( 2002). Production and Evaluation of Biodegradable Composites Based on PHB-PHV Copolymer, Biomaterials, 23: 2631-2639.
4.
Lu, H.H., El-Amin, S.F., Scott, K.D. and Laurencin, C.T. ( 2003). Three-dimensional, Bioactive, Biodegradable, Polymer-bioactive Glass Composite Scaffolds with Improved Mechanical Properties Support Collagen Synthesis and Mineralization of Human Osteoblast-like Cells In vitro, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 64(A): 465-474.
5.
Li, H. and Chang, J. ( 2004). Fabrication and Characterization of Bioactive Wollastonite/PHBV Composite Scaffolds, Biomaterials, 25: 5473-5480.
6.
Li, H. and Chang, J. ( 2005). In vitro Degradation of Porous Degradable and Bioactive PHBV/Wollastonite Composite Scaffolds, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. , 87: 301-307.
7.
Xynos, I.D., Hukkanen, M.V.J., Batten, J.J., Buttery, L.D.K., Hench, L.L. and Polak, J.M. ( 2000). Bioglass® 45S5 Stimulates Osteoblast Turnover and Enhances Bone Formation In vitro: Implications and Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering, Calcif Tissue Inter., 67: 321-329.
8.
Silver, I.A. , Deas, J. and Erecinska, M. (2001). Interactions of Bioactive Glasses with Osteoblasts In vitro: effects of 45S5 Bioglass®, and 58S and 77S Bioactive Galsses on Metabolism, Intracellular Ion Concentrations and Cell Viability, Biomaterials, 22: 175-185.
9.
Gough, J.E., Jones, J.R. and Hench, L.L. ( 2004). Nodule Formation and Mineralisation of Human Primary Osteoblasts Cultured on a Porous Bioactive Glass Scaffold, Biomaterials, 25: 2039-2046.
10.
Li, H., Zhai, W. and Chang, J. ( 2008). In vitro Biocompatibility Assessment of PHBV/Wollastonite Composites, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 19: 67-73.
11.
Pittenger, M.F., Mackay, A.M., Beck, S.C., Jaiswal, R.K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J.D. et al. (1999). Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Science, 284(5411): 143-147.
12.
Petite, H., Viateau, V., Bensaid, W., Meunier, A., de Pollak, C., Bourguignon, M. et al. (2000). Tissue Engineered Bone Regeneration, Nat. Biotechnol. 18(9): 959-963.
13.
Shang, Q., Wang, Z., Liu, W., Shi, Y., Cui, L. and Cao, Y. ( 2001). Tissue-engineered Bone Repair of Sheep Cranial Defects with Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells, J. Craniofac. Surg. , 12(6): 586-593.
14.
Hou, Q. , Grijpma, D.W. and Feijen, J. (2003). Porous Polymeric Structures for Tissue Engineering Prepared by a Coagulation, Compression Moulding and Salt Leaching Technique, Biomaterials, 24: 1937-1947.
15.
Mauney, J.R. , Jaquiery, C., Volloch, V., Heberer, M., Martin, I. and Kaplan, D.L. (2005). In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Differentially Demineralised Cancellous Bone Scaffolds Combined with Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, 26(16): 3173-3185.
16.
Lowry, O.H. , Roberts, N.R., Wu, M., Hixton, W.S. and Crawford, E.J. (1954). The Quantitative Histochemistry of Brain. Enzyme Measurements, J. Biol. Chem., 207: 19-37.
17.
Wang, H.F. ( 2001). An ATLAS of Bone of Cells and Cell Culture Techniques , Shanghai Science and Technique Press, Shanghai, p. 63.
18.
Kang, I.K., Kwon, B.K., Lee, J.H. and Lee, H.B. ( 1993). Immobilization of Proteins on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films, Biomaterials, 14: 792-797.
19.
Tyan, Y.C., Liao, J.D., Wu, Y.D. and Hsu, K.Y. ( 2000). Study of Immobilized Heparin in Varied pH Values Onto Porous Non-woven Fabric Surface, Chin. J. Med. Biol. Eng. , 20: 25-30.
20.
ISO/EN 10993-5: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-part 5: Tests for Cytotoxicity: In vitro Methods, 1992.
21.
Marom, R., Shur, I., Solomon, R. and Benayahu, D. ( 2005). Characterization of Adhesion and Differentiation Markers of Osteogenic Marrow Stromal Cells, J. Cell Physiol., 202(1): 41-48.
22.
Stucki, U., Schmid, J., Hammerle, C.F. and Lang, N.P. ( 2001). Temporal and Local Appearance of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Early Stages of Guided Bone Regeneration. A Descriptive Histochemical Study in Humans, Clin. Oral. Implant. Res., 12: 121-127.
23.
Kokubo, T. ( 1990). Surface Chemistry of Bioactive Glass-ceramics, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 120: 138-151.
24.
Hench, L.L. (1988). Bioactive Ceramics, Ann N Y Acad. Sci., 523: 54-71.
25.
Wu, C., Jiang, C., Zhai, W., Ni, S. and Wang, J. ( 2006). Porous Akermanite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Preparation, Characterization, and In vitro Studies, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater., 78: 47-55.
26.
El-Ghannam, A., Ducheyne, P. and Shapiro, I.M. (1995). Bioactive Material Template for in vitro Synthesis of Bone, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29: 359-370.
27.
El-Ghannam, A., Ducheyne, P. and Shapiro, I.M. (1997). Porous Bioactive Glass and Hydroxyapatite Ceramic Affect Bone Cell Function in vitro Along Different Time Lines, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 36: 167-180.
28.
Loty, C., Sautier, J.M., Boulekache, H., Kokubo, T. and Kim, H.M. ( 2000). In vitro Bone Formation on a Bone-like Apatite Layer Prepared by a Biomimetic Process on a Bioactive Glass-ceramic, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 49: 423-434.
29.
Olmo, N., Martín, A.I., Salinas, A.J., Turnay, J., María, V.R. and Lizarbe, M.A. ( 2003). Bioactive Sol-gel Glasses with and Without a Hydroxycarbonate Apatite Layer as Substrates for Osteoblast Cell Adhesion and Proliferation , Biomaterials, 24: 3383-3393.
30.
Valerio, P. , Pereira, M.M., Goes, A.M. and Leite, M.F. (2004). The Effect of Ionic Products from Bioactive Glass Dissolution on Osteoblast Proliferation and Collagen Production, Biomaterials, 25: 2941-2948.
31.
Xynos, I.D. , Edgar, A.J., Buttery, L.D., Hench, L.L. and Polak, J.M. (2001). Gene-expression Profiling of Human Osteoblasts Following Treatment with Ionic Products of Bioglass 45S5 Dissolution, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55: 151-157.
32.
Silver, I.A. and Erecinska, M. (2003). Interactions of Osteoblastic and other Cells with Bioactive Glasses and Silica in vitro and in vivo, Mat.-wiss. U. Werkstofftech., 34: 1069-1075.
33.
Wu, T. and Davis, E.J. ( 1981). Regulation of Glycolytic Flux in an Energetically Controlled Cell-free System: The Effects of Adenine Nucleotide Ratios, Inorganic Phosphate, pH, and citrate, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 209: 85-99.
34.
Erecinska, M. , Deas, J. and Silver, I.A. (1995). The Effect of pH on Glycolysis and Phosphofructokinase Activity in Cultured Cells and Synaptosomes , J. Neurochem., 65: 2765-2772.
35.
Orchard, C.H. and Kentish, J.C. (1990). Effects of Changes of pH on the Contractile Function of Cardiac Muscle, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 258: C967-C981.
36.
Yamaguchi, D.T. , Huang, J.T. and Ma, D. (1995). Regulation of Gap Junction Intercellular Communication by pH in MC3T3- E1 Osteoblastic Cells, J. Bone Miner. Res., 10: 1891-1899.
37.
Johnson, R.A. (1982). Changes in pH Sensitivity of Adenylate Cyclase Specifically Induced by Fluoride and Vanadate, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 218: 68-76.
38.
Qian, W., Zhong, S., Ouyang, J., Jiang, L., Zhang, Z., Xie, Y. and Luo, S. ( 1998). Osteogenesis of Electrically Stimulated Bone Cells Mediated in Part by Calcium Ions, Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 348: 259-268.
39.
Yamagushi, D.T. , Green, J., Kleeman, C.R. and Muallen, S. (1989). Properties of the Depolarization Activated Calcium Entry in Osteoblasts, J. Biol. Chem., 264: 197-204.
40.
Valerio, P. , Pereira, M.M., Goes, A.M. and Leite, M.F. (2004). The Effect of Ionic Products from Bioactive Glass Dissolution on Osteoblast Proliferation and Collagen Production, Biomaterials, 25: 2941-2948.
41.
Kunzler, T.P. , Drobek, T., Schuler, M. and Spencer, N.D. (2007). Systematic Study of Osteoblast and Fibroblast Response to Roughness by Means of Surface-morphology Gradients, Biomaterials, 28: 2175-2182.
42.
Brunette, D.M. (2001). Principles of Cell Behavior on Titanium Surfaces and their Application to Implanted Devices. In: Brunette, D.M., Tengvall, P., Textor, M. and Thomsen, P. (eds), Titanium in Medicine, Berlin and Heidelberg, Springer , pp. 485-512.
43.
Lincks, J., Boyan, B.D., Blanchard, C.R., Lohmann, C.H., Liu, Y., Cochran, D.L., Dean, D.D. and Schwartz, Z. ( 1998). Response of MG63 Osteoblast-like Cells to Titanium and Titanium Alloy is Dependent on Surface Roughness and Composition, Biomaterials, 19: 2219-2232.
