Titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely used as biomaterials for dental and medical applications. HA-coated titanium implants have excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, the adherence of HA film formed on titanium substrate is weak because of the lack of chemical interaction between HA and titanium. A solution to this problem is to form an intermediate film on titanium substrate, which provide excellent adherence to both titanium substrate and HA. We developed a novel biomaterial called calcium titanate-amorphous carbon (CaTiO3-aC) coating prepared by modified thermal decomposition method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CaTiO 3-aC and HA coating (positive control), and Ti (negative control) on osteoblastic (MT3T3-E1) cell responses. An increased cellular proliferation was observed in CaTiO3-aC coating compared to HA coating. The maximum expressions of ALP activity, Col I and ALP mRNA were higher and achieved in shorter period of time in CaTiO3-aC coating compared to others. These results demonstrated that CaTiO3-aC promoted better cell attachment, cellular proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation compared with HA. In conclusion, we suggested that CaTiO3-aC could be considered as an important candidate as a coating material.
Yamamoto, A., Honma, R. and Sumita, M.Cytotoxicity Evaluation of 43 Metal Salts Using Murine Fibroblasts and Osteoblastic Cells, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1998: 39: 331-340.
2.
Okazaki, Y., Rao, S., Ito, Y. and Tateishi, T.Corrosion Resistance, Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Fatigue Strength and Cytocompatibility of New Ti alloys without Al and V, Biomaterials , 1998: 1: 1197-1215.
3.
Nakayama, Y., Yamamuro, T., Kotoura, Y. and Oka, M.In Vivo Measurement of Anodic Polarization of Orthopaedic Implant Alloys: Comparative Study of In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments, Biomaterials , 1989: 10: 420-424.
4.
Okazaki, Y. and Gotoh, E.Comparison of Metal Release from Various Metallic Biomaterials In Vitro, Biomaterials, 2005: 26: 11-21.
5.
Pilliar, R.M. , Cameron, H.U., Welsh, R.P. and Binnington , A.G.Radiographoc and Morphologic Studies of Load-bearing Porous-Surfaced Structured Implants, Clin. Orhop. Relat. Res., 1981: 156: 249-257.
6.
Orly, I., Gregoire, M., Menanteau, J., Heughebaert, M. and Kerebel, B.Chemical Changes in Hydroxyapatite Biomaterial Under In Vivo and In Vitro Biological Conditions, Calcif. Tissue Int., 1989: 45: 20-26.
7.
Daculsi, G., LeGeros, R.Z. and Deudon, C.Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Electron Probe Analysis of the Interface between Implants and Host Bone. Osseo-coalescence Versus Osseo-integration, Scanning Microsc., 1990 : 4: 309-314.
8.
de Bruijn, J.D. , Klein, C.P., de Groot, K. and van Blitterswijk , C.A.The Ultrastructure of the Bone-hydroxyapatite Interface In Vitro, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1992: 26: 1365-1382.
9.
Fujishiro, Y. , Sato, N., Uchida, S. and Sato, T.Coating of CaTiO3 on Titanium Substrates by Hydrothermal Reactions Using Calcium-ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid Chelate , J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1998: 9: 363-367.
10.
Zhou, P. and Akao, M.Preparation and Characterization of Double Layered Coating Composed of Hydroxyapatite and Perovskite by Thermal Decomposition, Biomed. Mater. Eng. , 1997: 7: 67-81.
11.
Wang, C.K., Lin, J.H., Ju, C.P., Ong, H.C. and Chang, R.P.Structural Characterization of Pulsed Laser-deposited Hydroxyapatite Film on Titanium Substrate, Biomaterials, 1997: 18: 1331-1338.
12.
Ohtsuka, Y. , Matsuura, M., Chida, N., Yoshinari, M., Sumii, T. and Derand, T.Formation of Hydroxyapatite Coating on Pure Titanium Substrates by Ion Beam Dynamic Mixing, Surface Coating Technol., 1994: 65: 224-230.
13.
Brossa, F., Cigada, A., Chiesa, R., Paracchini, L. and Consonni, C.Adhesion Properties of Plasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Orthopedic Prostheses, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 1993: 3: 127-136.
14.
Lavos-Valereto, I.C., Wolynec, S., Deboni, M.C.Z. and Konig Jr, B.In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Testing of Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy with and Without Plasma-sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coating , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001: 58: 727-733.
15.
De Groot, K., Geesink, R., Klein, C.P.A.T. and Serekian, P.Prasma Sprayed Coatings of Hydoxyapatite, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1987: 21: 1375-1381.
16.
Lynn, A.K. and DuQuesnay, D.L.Hydroxyapatite-coated Ti-6Al-4V Part 1: The Effect of Coating Thickness on Mechanical Fatigue Behaviour, Biomaterials, 2002: 23: 1937-1946.
17.
de Sena, L.A. , de Andrade, M.C., Rossi, A.M. and de Almeida Soares, G.Hydroxyapatite Deposition by Electrophoresis on Titanium Sheets with Different Surface Finishing , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002: 60: 1-7.
18.
Nagai, N., Okauchi, M., Rodriguez, A.P. et al. Development of New Titanium Coating Material (CaTiO3-aC) with Modified Thermal Decomposition Method, J. Hard. Tissue Biol., 2008: 17: 47-54.
19.
Nayab, S.N., Jones, F.H. and Olsen, I.Effects of Calcium Ion Implantation on Human Bone Cell Interaction with Titanium , Biomaterials, 2005: 26: 4717-4727.
20.
Webster, T.J. , Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H. and Lanford, W.A.Increased Osteoblast Adhesion on Titanium-coated Hydroxyapatite that Forms CaTiO3, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2003: 67A: 975-980.
21.
Hamada, K., Kon, M., Hanawa, T., Yokoyama, K., Miyamoto, Y. and Asaoka, K.Hydrothemal Modification of Titanium Surface in Calcium Solutions, Biomaterials, 2002: 23: 2265-2272.
22.
Sul, Y.T.The Significance of the Surface Properties of Oxidized Titanium to the Bone Response: Special Emphasis on Potential Biochemical Bonding of Oxidized Titanium Implant, Biomaterials, 2003: 24: 3893-3907.
23.
Davies, J.E.Mechanism of Endosseous Integration, Int. J. Prosthdont., 1998: 11: 391-401.
24.
Szmukler-Moncler, S., Perrin, D., Bernard, J.P. and Pointaire , P.Biological Properties of Acid Etched Titanium Surface. Effect of Sandblasting on Bone Anchorage , J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B: Appl. Biomater., 2004: 68: 149- 159.
25.
Park, J.W., Suh, J.Y. and Chung, H.J.Effects of Calcium Ion Incorporation on Osteoblast Gene Expression in MC3T3-E1 Cells Cultured on Micro-structured Titanium Surfaces, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2007: 86A: 117-126.
26.
Araujo, J.C. , Teran, F.C., Oliveira, R.A. et al. Camparison of Hexamethyldisilazane and Critical Point Drying Treatments for SEM Analysis of Anaerobic Biofilms and Granular Sludge, J. Electron. Microsc., 2003: 52: 429-433.
27.
Xue, W. , Moore, J.L., Hosick, H.L. et al. Osteoprecursor Cell Response to Strontium-containing Hydroxyapatite Ceramics, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2006: 79A: 804-814.
28.
Maekawa, K. , Yoshida, Y., Mine, A. et al. Chemical Interaction of Polyphosphoric Acid with Titanium and its Effect on Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2007: 82A: 195-200.
29.
Ellies, L.G. , Nelson, D.G.A. and Featherstone , J.D.B.Crystallographic Changes in Calcium Phosphates during Plasma-spraying, Biomaterials , 1992: 13: 313-316.
30.
Lin, J.H. , Liu, M.L. and Ju, C.P.Morphologic Variation in Plasmasprayed Hydroxyapatite-bioactive Glass Composite Coatings in Hank’s Solution, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1994: 28: 723-730.
31.
Kweh, S.W., Khor, K.A. and Cheang, P.High Temperature In-Situ XRD of Plasma Sprayed HA Coatings, Biomaterials, 2002: 23: 381-387.
32.
Boyan, B.D., Lossdorfer, S., Wang, L. et al. Osteoblasts Generate an Osteogenic Microenvironment When Grown on Surfaces with Rough Microtopographies, Eur. Cell. Mater. , 2003: 6: 22-27.
33.
Brett, P.M., Harle, J., Salih, V. et al. Roughness Response Genes in Osteoblasts, Bone, 2004: 35: 124-133.
34.
Ellingsen, J.E. , Johansson, C.B., Wennerberg, A. and Holmen, A.Improved Retention and Bone-to Implant Contact with Fluoride-modified Titanium Implants, Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants., 2004: 19: 659-666.
35.
Klinger, A., Steinberg, D., Kohavi, D. and Sela, M.N.Mechanism of Adsorption of Human Albumin to Titanium In Vitro, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1997: 36: 387-392.
36.
Shu, R. , McMullen, R., Baumann, M.J. and McCabe , L.R.Hydroxyapatite Accelerates Differentiation and Suppresses Growth of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblasts, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2003: 67A: 1196-1204.
37.
Bagambisa, F.B., Joos, U. and Schilli, W.Interaction of Osteogenic Cells with Hydroxyapatite Implant Materials In Vitro and In Vivo, Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants., 1990: 5: 217-226.
38.
Ozeki, K., Aoki, H. and Fukui, Y.Dissolution Behavior and In Vitro Evaluation of Sputtered Hydroxyapatite Films Subject to a Low Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2006: 76A: 605-613.
39.
Morgan, J., Holtman, K.R., Keller, J.C. and Stanford, C.M. ( 1996). In Vitro Mineralization and Implant Calcium Phosphate-hydroxyapatite Crystallinity, Implant. Dent., Winter 1996 : 5: 264-271.
40.
Chang, Y.L. , Lew, D., Park, J.B. and Keller, J.C.Biomechanical and Morphometric Analysis of Hydroxyapatite-coated Implants with Varying Crystallinity, J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 1999: 57: 1096-1108.
41.
Oh, S., Tobin, E., Yang, Y., Carnes Jr, D.L. and Ong, J.L.In Vivo Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Coatings of Different Crystallinities , Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implants., 2005 : 20: 726-731.
42.
Okauchi-Yabuuchi, M., Tamamura, R. et al. Chemical Analysis of a Novel Coating Material, CaTiO3-aC, J. Hard. Tissue Biol., 2008: 17: 115-120.
43.
Yang, Y., Kim, K.H., Agrawal, C.M. and Ong, J.L.Effect of Postdeposition Heating Temperature and the Presence of Water Vapor during Heat Treatment on Cystallinity of Calcium Phosphate Coatings, Biomaterials, 2003: 24: 5131-5137.
44.
Du, C., Su, X.W., Cui, F.Z. and Zhu, X.D.Morphological Behaviour of Osteoblasts on Diamond-like Carbon Coating and Amorphous C-N Film in Organ Culture, Biomaterials, 1998: 19: 651-658.
45.
Rodil, S.E. , Olivares, R. and Arzate, H.In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Amorphous Carbon Films, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 2005: 15: 101-112.
