Modulation of osteoblast behavior on TiN x O y coatings by altering the N/O stoichiometry while maintaining a high thrombogenic potential

Abstract

Introduction

Titanium nitride oxide (TiN_xO_y) coatings are known to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and osseointegration when compared to microrough titanium implants. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the beneficial effects of TiN_xO_y coatings observed with implant osseointegration are dependent on N/O stoichiometry, with the final goal of optimizing these benefits.

MMs

TiN_xO_y coatings with various N/O compositions were deposited on microrough titanium plates (Ti-SLA, 11 × 11 mm). Human primary osteoblast (hOBs) proliferation and gene expression were analyzed for a time course of three weeks, with or without additional stimulation by 1.25 (OH)₂ vitamin D3 100 nM. Platelet adhesion/activation and thrombin generation were also assessed.

Results

hOBs proliferation gradually increased with the amount of oxygen contained in the coatings. The effect was observed from day 7 to reach a maximum at day 10, with a 1.8 fold increase for the best coating as compared to Ti-SLA. SEM views indicated that cells adhered, spread and elongated faster on oxygen-rich TiN_xO_y films, while the differentiation process as well as the thombogenic potential was not affected.

Conclusions

The effect of TiN_xO_y coatings on osteoblast is dependent on their chemical composition; it increases with the amount of oxygen. TiN_xO_y coatings may act as a catalyst for cell-adhesion and proliferation early after seeding. In contrast, thrombogenicity of Ti-SLA surface is not affected by TiN_xO_y application.

Keywords

Titanium-nitride-oxide coating stoichiometry primary osteoblast thrombogenicity surface modification cell differentiation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Albrektsson

. Microcirculation in grafted bone. A chamber technique for vital microscopy of rabbit bone transplants. Acta Orthop Scand 1978; 49: 1–7.

Williams

. A matter of balance, Göteborg: Akademiförlaget i Göteborg AB, 1992.

Steinemann

. Metal implants and surface reactions. Injury 1996; 27: SC16–22.

Steinemann

. Titanium – the material of choice? Periodontol 1998; 17: 7–21.

Textor M, Sittig C, Frauchiger V, et al. Properties and biological significance of natural oxide films on titanium and its alloys. Titanium in medicine. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2001, pp.171–230.

Bachle

Kohal

. A systematic review of the influence of different titanium surfaces on proliferation, differentiation and protein synthesis of osteoblast-like MG63 cells. Clin Oral Implant Res 2004; 15: 683–692.

Le Guehennec

Soueidan

Layrolle

. Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration. Dent Mater 2007; 23: 844–854.

Buser

Schenk

Steinemann

. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 1991; 25: 889–902.

Schreckenbach

Marx

Schlottig

. Characterization of anodic spark-converted titanium surfaces for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999; 10: 453–457.

10.

de Jonge

Leeuwenburgh

Wolke

. Organic-inorganic surface modifications for titanium implant surfaces. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 2357–2369.

11.

Anselme

Bigerelle

. Statistical demonstration of the relative effect of surface chemistry and roughness on human osteoblast short-term adhesion. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17: 471–479.

12.

Annunziata

Guida

Perillo

. Biological response of human bone marrow stromal cells to sandblasted titanium nitride-coated implant surfaces. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19: 3585–3591.

13.

Sovak

Weiss

Gotman

. Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V alloy implants coated with titanium nitride by a new method. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000; 82: 290–296.

14.

Bernard

Jacquot

. Surface modification of medical implants and surgical devices using TiN layers. Surface Coating Technol 1988; 36: 867–867.

15.

Gutmanas

Gotman

. PIRAC Ti nitride coated Ti-6AI-4V head against UHMWPE acetabular cup-hip wear simulator study. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004; 15: 327–330.

16.

Hendry

Pilliar

. The fretting corrosion resistance of PVD surface-modified orthopedic implant alloys. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 58: 156–166.

17.

Pappas

Makris

Buechel

. Titanium nitride ceramic film against polyethylene. A 48 million cycle wear test. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995; 317: 64–70.

18.

Paschoal AL, Vanancio EC, Canale Lde C, et al. Metallic Biomaterials TiN-coated: corrosion analysis and biocompatibility. Artif Organs 2003; 27: 461–464.

19.

Lifeng

Yan

Dayun

. The underlying biological mechanisms of biocompatibility differences between bare and TiN-coated NiTi alloys. Biomed Mater 2011; 6: 025012–025012.

20.

Wisbey

Gregson

Tuke

. Application of PVD TiN coating to Co-Cr-Mo based surgical implants. Biomaterials 1987; 8: 477–480.

21.

Larsson Wexell

Thomsen

Aronsson

. Bone response to surface-modified titanium implants: studies on the early tissue response to implants with different surface characteristics. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013: 412482–412482.

22.

Morscher

Bereiter

Lampert

. Cementless press-fit cup. Principles, experimental data, and three-year follow-up study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; 249: 12–20.

23.

Scarano

Piattelli

Vrespa

. Bone healing around titanium and titanium nitride-coated dental implants with three surfaces: An experimental study in rats. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003; 5: 103–111.

24.

Dion

Baquey

Candelon

. Hemocompatibility of titanium nitride. Int J Artif Organs 1992; 15: 617–621.

25.

Dion

Baquey

Havlik

. A new model to test platelet adhesion under dynamic conditions. Application to the evaluation of a titanium nitride coating. Int J Artif Organ 1993; 16: 545–550.

26.

Dion

Roques

. Ex vivo leucocyte adhesion and protein adsorption on TiN. Biomaterials 1993; 14: 712–719.

27.

Dion

Rouais

Trut

. TiN coating: surface characterization and haemocompatibility. Biomaterials 1993; 14: 169–176.

28.

Geetha

Sabareeswaran

Mohanan

. Pre-clinical evaluation of titanium nitride coated titanium material. Toxicol Mech Meth 2012; 22: 144–150.

29.

Monties

Dion

Havlik

. Cora rotary pump for implantable left ventricular assist device: biomaterial aspects. Artif Organ 1997; 21: 730–734.

30.

Schaldach

Hubmann

Weikl

. Sputter-deposited TiN electrode coatings for superior sensing and pacing performance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990; 13: 1891–1895.

31.

Wiegand

Zhdanov

Stammwitz

. Electrophysiological performance of a bipolar membrane-coated titanium nitride electrode: A randomized comparison of steroid and nonsteroid lead designs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22: 935–941.

32.

Annunziata

Oliva

Basile

. The effects of titanium nitride-coating on the topographic and biological features of TPS implant surfaces. J Dent 2011; 39: 720–728.

33.

Chien

Liu

Duh

. Effect of nitride film coatings on cell compatibility. Dent Mater 2008; 24: 986–993.

34.

Clem

Konovalov

Chowdhury

. Mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and spreading on microwave plasma-nitrided titanium alloy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 76: 279–287.

35.

Groessner-Schreiber

Neubert

Muller

. Fibroblast growth on surface-modified dental implants: an in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 64: 591–599.

36.

Yang

Hong

. The molecular mechanism of mediation of adsorbed serum proteins to endothelial cells adhesion and growth on biomaterials. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 5747–5758.

37.

van Hove

Nolte

Semeins

. Differences in proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production by bone cells seeded on titanium-nitride and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum surfaces. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28: 278–287.

38.

Groessner-Schreiber

Hannig

Duck

. Do different implant surfaces exposed in the oral cavity of humans show different biofilm compositions and activities? Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112: 516–522.

39.

Grossner-Schreiber

Griepentrog

Haustein

. Plaque formation on surface modified dental implants. An in vitro study. Clin Oral Implant Res 2001; 12: 543–551.

40.

Grossner-Schreiber

Teichmann

Hannig

. Modified implant surfaces show different biofilm compositions under in vivo conditions. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20: 817–826.

41.

Scarano

Piattelli

Vrespa

. Bacterial adhesion on titanium nitride-coated and uncoated implants: an in vivo human study. J Oral Implantol 2003; 29: 80–85.

42.

Wang

Liang

. The effect of different titanium nitride coatings on the adhesion of Candida albicans to titanium. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58: 1293–1301.

43.

Durual

Pernet

Rieder

. Titanium nitride oxide coating on rough titanium stimulates the proliferation of human primary osteoblasts. Clin Oral Implant Res 2010; 22: 552–559.

44.

Koerner

Butterworth

Mayer

. Bacterial adhesion to titanium-oxy-nitride (TiNOX) coatings with different resistivities: A novel approach for the development of biomaterials. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 2835–2840.

45.

Poortinga

Bos

Busscher

. Charge transfer during staphylococcal adhesion to TiNOX coatings with different specific resistivity. Biophys Chem 2001; 91: 273–279.

46.

Windecker

Mayer

De Pasquale

. Stent coating with titanium-nitride-oxide for reduction of neointimal hyperplasia. Circulation 2001; 104: 928–933.

47.

Gershlick

. Role of stenting in coronary revascularisation. Heart 2001; 86: 104–112.

48.

Kastrati

Hall

Schomig

. Long-term outcome after coronary stenting. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2000; 1: 48–54.

49.

Mosseri

Tamari

Plich

. Short- and long- term outcomes of the titanium-NO stent registry. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2005; 6: 2–6.

50.

Windecker

Simon

Lins

. Randomized comparison of a titanium-nitride-oxide-coated stent with a stainless steel stent for coronary revascularization: the TiNOX trial. Circulation 2005; 111: 2617–2622.

51.

Rieder

Scherrer

Filieri

. TiNOx coatings increase human primary osteoblasts proliferation independently of the substrate: A short report. Biomed Mater Eng 2012; 22: 277–281.

52.

Durual

Rieder

Garavaglia

. TiNOx coatings on roughened titanium and CoCr alloy accelerate early osseointegration of dental implants in minipigs. Bone 2013; 52: 230–237.

53.

Park

Davies

. Red blood cell and platelet interactions with titanium implant surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11: 530–539.

54.

Broberg

Eriksson

Nygren

. GpIIb/IIIa is the main receptor for initial platelet adhesion to glass and titanium surfaces in contact with whole blood. J Lab Clin Med 2002; 139: 163–172.

55.

Hughes

Aubin

Heersche

. Differential chemotactic responses of different populations of fetal rat calvaria cells to platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta. Bone Miner 1992; 19: 63–74.

56.

Pfeilschifter

Wolf

Naumann

. Chemotactic response of osteoblastlike cells to transforming growth factor beta. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 825–830.

57.

Meyer

Joos

Mythili

. Ultrastructural characterization of the implant/bone interface of immediately loaded dental implants. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 1959–1967.

58.

Banakh

Moussa

Matthey

. Sputtered titanium oxynitride coatings for endosseous applications: Physical and chemical evaluation and first bioactivity assays. Appl Surf Sci 2014; 317: 986–993.

59.

Lacroix

Robert

Poncelet

. Standardization of platelet-derived microparticle enumeration by flow cytometry with calibrated beads: Results of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis SSC Collaborative workshop. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 2571–2574.

60.

Park

Gemmell

Davies

. Platelet interactions with titanium: modulation of platelet activity by surface topography. Biomaterials 2001; 22: 2671–2682.

61.

Hemker

Beguin

. Thrombin generation in plasma: its assessment via the endogenous thrombin potential. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 134–138.

62.

Atkins

Kostakis

Pan

. RANKL expression is related to the differentiation state of human osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 1088–1098.

63.

Gori

Hofbauer

Dunstan

. The expression of osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand and the support of osteoclast formation by stromal- osteoblast lineage cells is developmentally regulated. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4768–4776.

64.

Thomas

Baker

Eisman

. Changing RANKL/OPG mRNA expression in differentiating murine primary osteoblasts. J Endocrinol 2001; 170: 451–460.

65.

Mendonca

Aragao

. Advancing dental implant surface technology – from micron to nanotopography. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 3822–3835.

66.

Gittens

McLachlan

Olivares-Navarrete

. The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 3395–3403.