Inflammatory cytokine release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to polyetheretherketone and titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium in vitro

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the cytokine expression profiles of blood cells exposed to polyetheretherketone and titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium materials in vitro.

Materials and methods

Coin-shaped samples composed of titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium, polyetheretherketone, and blasted polyetheretherketone were manufactured. The surfaces of the coins were characterized using optical interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 10 blood donors were cultured for one, three, and six days in the presence or absence of the coins, and then assayed for cytokine production. Quantification of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells attached to the coins was performed using confocal microscopy after immunofluorescence staining.

Results

The machined titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium coins had a smoother surface topography compared to the machined polyetheretherketone and blasted polyetheretherketone. The highest mean contact angle was noted for the blasted polyetheretherketone, followed by the machined polyetheretherketone and titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells produced significantly more proinflammatory cytokines when exposed to the polyetheretherketone surface compared to the titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium surface, while the blasted polyetheretherketone induced the highest level of proinflammatory cytokine release from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Significantly more cells attached to both polyetheretherketone surfaces, as compared to the titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium surface.

Conclusion

Polyetheretherketone induces a stronger inflammatory response from peripheral blood mononuclear cells than does titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium. Surface topography has an impact on cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Keywords

Polyetheretherketone titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium cytokines inflammatory mediators in vitro

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Kurtz

Devine

JN.

PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 4845–4869.

Brunette

Tengvall

Textor

et al.

Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.

Niinomi

Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 1998; 243: 231–236.

Albrektsson

Brånemark

P-I

Hansson

H-A

et al . Osseointegrated titanium implants: requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 1981; 52: 155–170.

Franz

Rammelt

Scharnweber

et al . Immune responses to implants—a review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 6692–6709.

Anderson

Rodriguez

Chang

DT.

Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin Immunol 2008; 20: 86–100.

Jones

Chang

Meyerson

et al . Proteomic analysis and quantification of cytokines and chemokines from biomaterial surface‐adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83: 585–596.

Broughton

G 2nd

Janis

Attinger

CE.

The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117: 12S–34S.

McNally

Anderson

JM.

Interleukin-4 induces foreign body giant cells from human monocytes/macrophages. Differential lymphokine regulation of macrophage fusion leads to morphological variants of multinucleated giant cells. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 1487.

10.

Olivares-Navarrete

Hyzy

Gittens

et al . Rough titanium alloys regulate osteoblast production of angiogenic factors. Spine J 2013; 13: 1563–1570.

11.

Nemoto

Asazuma

Yato

et al . Comparison of fusion rates following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using polyetheretherketone cages or titanium cages with transpedicular instrumentation. Eur Spine J 2014; 23: 2150–2155.

12.

Toth

Wang

Estes

et al . Polyetheretherketone as a biomaterial for spinal applications. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 324–334.

13.

Olivares-Navarrete

Hyzy

Slosar

et al . Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors. Spine 2015; 40: 399–404.

14.

Rahmat Sam MF, Curran JM and Hunt JA. Leukocyte-biomaterial interaction in vitro. In: Ducheyne P, Grainger DW, Healy KE, et al. (eds) Comprehensive biomaterials II (2nd ed. vol. 4), Oxford: Elsevier, 2017, pp. 57–69.

15.

Wennerberg

Albrektsson

Effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration: a systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20: 172–184.

16.

Barkarmo

Andersson

Currie

et al . Enhanced bone healing around nanohydroxyapatite-coated polyetheretherketone implants: an experimental study in rabbit bone. J Biomater Appl 2014; 29: 737–747.

17.

Östberg

A-K

Dahlgren

Sul

Y-T

et al . Inflammatory cytokine release is affected by surface morphology and chemistry of titanium implants. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26: 1–9.

18.

Hallab

McAllister

Brady

et al . Macrophage reactivity to different polymers demonstrates particle size‐and material‐specific reactivity: PEEK‐OPTIMA® particles versus UHMWPE particles in the submicron, micron, and 10 micron size ranges. J Biomed Mater Res B Res 2012; 100: 480–492.

19.

Wennerberg

Albrektsson

Suggested guidelines for the topographic evaluation of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000; 15: 331–344.

20.

Thomsen

Gretzer

Macrophage interactions with modified material surfaces. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2001; 5: 163–176.

21.

St Pierre

Chan

Iwakura

et al . Periprosthetic osteolysis: characterizing the innate immune response to titanium wear‐particles. J Orthop Res 2010; 28: 1418–1424.

22.

Dinarello

CA.

Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest J 2000; 118: 503–508.

23.

Flad

H-D

Grage-Griebenow

Scheuerer

et al . The role of cytokines in monocyte apoptosis. Res Immunol 1998; 149: 733–736.

24.

24. Abramson

and

Gallin

IL-4 inhibits superoxide production by human mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol 1990; 144: 625–630.

25.

van de Kamp

Jahnen-Dechent

Rath

et al . Hepatocyte growth factor-loaded biomaterials for mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013: 1–9.

26.

Altankov

Grinnell

Groth

Studies on the biocompatibility of materials: fibroblast reorganization of substratum-bound fibronectin on surfaces varying in wettability. J Biomed Mater Res 1996; 30: 385–391.

27.

Lim

Shaughnessy

Zhou

et al . Surface energy effects on osteoblast spatial growth and mineralization. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 1776–1784.

28.

Tran

and

Webster

TJ.

Understanding the wetting properties of nanostructured selenium coatings: the role of nanostructured surface roughness and air-pocket formation. Int J Nanomed 2013; 8: 2001.

29.

Park

Olivares-Navarrete

Baier

et al . Effect of cleaning and sterilization on titanium implant surface properties and cellular response. Acta Biomater 2012; 8: 1966–1975.

30.

Refai

Textor

Brunette

et al . Effect of titanium surface topography on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Biomed Mater Res Part Res 2004; 70: 194–205.

31.

Chen

Jones

et al . Characterization of topographical effects on macrophage behavior in a foreign body response model. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 3479–3491.

32.

Soskolne

Cohen

Shapira

et al . The effect of titanium surface roughness on the adhesion of monocytes and their secretion of TNF‐α and PGE2. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002; 13: 86–93.

33.

Lee

Stachelek

Tomczyk

et al . Correlating macrophage morphology and cytokine production resulting from biomaterial contact. J Biomed Mater Res Part Res 2013; 101: 203–212.

34.

Johansson

Albrektsson

Ericson

et al . A quantitative comparison of the cell response to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V implants in the abdominal wall of rats. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1992; 3: 126–136.

35.

Esposito

Hirsch

Lekholm

et al . Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (II). Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106: 721–764.

36.

Manolagas

Role of cytokines in bone resorption. Bone 1995; 17: S63–S67.

37.

Al Saffar

Revell

Interleukin-1 production by activated macrophages surrounding loosened orthopaedic implants: a potential role in osteolysis. Rheumatology 1994; 33: 309–316.

38.

Adell

Eriksson

Lekholm

et al . A long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Imp 1990; 5: 347–359.

39.

Najeeb

Zafar

Khurshid

et al . Applications of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in oral implantology and prosthodontics. J Prosthodont Res 2016; 60: 12–19.