Polyvinyl alcohol-poly acrylic acid bilayer oral drug delivery systems: A comparison between thin films and inverse double network bilayers

Polymer network structures in the design of bilayer hydrogels for oral drug delivery systems contribute to the mechanical stability as well as the stimulus responsive drug release. We report a strategy to improve the stability of polyelectrolyte layer interfaces in bilayer hydrogels by employing concepts from tough interpenetrating hydrogel network design. Polyvinyl alcohol as the neutral substrate and Polyacrylic acid as the pH-sensitive layer were used to prepare bilayers capable of pH-sensitive bending behavior, and inverse double network structures were compared to conventional thin film coated bilayers in this study. The morphology of the bilayers observed after exposure to stimulus revealed that the polyacrylic acid layer was fragmented in conventional thin films. The delamination of the coating also had an adverse impact on bending behavior. Additionally, bilayers with inverse double network structure had a better pH-sensitive swelling behavior which was lacking in regular thin films. Controllable, pH-specific drug release behavior was a direct benefit of using the inverse double network structure, and was demonstrated by controlled vancomycin release under different pHs chosen to simulate the physiological milieu of exposure corresponding to hydrogel passage along the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, the inverse double networks showed improved mucoadhesive properties and mechanical stability compared to the thin film bilayers. The use of inverse double network structured hydrogels has many potential applications in improving bilayer hydrogel stability; specifically, for drug delivery systems, designing hydrogel origamis, and to prepare soft material actuators.