This study simultaneously investigates personal and interpersonal traits that were found to be important factors of bullying behavior using data collected from 1,238 randomly selected Korean middle school students. Using a modified and expanded definition of bullying based on a more culturally sensitive approach to bullying, this study categorizes bullies into three groups: Type I (minor-covert-nonchronic bullying), Type II (moderate-covert-chronic or severe-overt-nonchronic bullying), and Type III (severe-overt-chronic bullying). In addition, this study empirically tests several factors for the first time. Those factors are fun-seeking tendency, teachers’ attitude toward bullying, teachers’ effectiveness of intervention, teachers’ moral authority, power dynamic, and pseudofriendship. The comparison across three groups provided unique findings that different factors were differently related to different groups of bullies. Specifically, teachers have influence on bullying only for the moderate group (Type II), and parents have influence on bullying only for the minor group (Type I). The most important and constant factors across all different groups were prior bullying victimization experience and fun-seeking tendency.
Ah, Y., Jeong, W., & Cha, T. ( 2005). The study on the actual conditions of bullying and the psychosocial factors affecting bullying behavior. Journal of Fish and Marine Science of Education, 17, 390-403.
2.
Ahmad, Y., & Smith, P.K. ( 1990). Behavioural measures: Bullying in schools. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 26-27.
3.
Ahn, H. ( 2002). A study of the fact that "Ijime" affects "Wangtta."Jechon-Shi, South Korea: Sae-Myung University.
4.
Akers, R.L. ( 1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory? Criminology, 34, 229-247.
5.
Baldry, A.C. ( 2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence . Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713-732.
6.
Batsche, G.M., & Knoff, H.M. ( 1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23, 165-174.
7.
Bentley, K.M., & Li, A.K.F. (1995). Bully and victim problems in elementary schools and students’ beliefs about aggression. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 11, 153-165.
8.
Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K.M., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117-127.
9.
Bosworth, K., Espelage, D.L., & Simon, T.R. ( 1999). Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341-362.
10.
Boulton, M.J., & Smith, P.K. ( 1994). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self-perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 315-329.
11.
Boulton, M.J., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whitehand, C., & Amatya, K. ( 1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 461-466.
12.
Boulton, M.J., Trueman, M., & Flemington, I. (2002). Associations between secondary school pupils’ definitions of bullying, attitudes towards bullying, and tendencies to engage in bullying: Age and sex differences. Educational Studies, 28, 353-370.
13.
Bowers, L., Smith, P.K., & Binney, V. ( 1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 215-232.
14.
Cairns, R.B., & Cairns, B.D. ( 1991). Social cognition and social networks: A developmental perspective. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 249-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15.
Carney, J.V. ( 2005). Factor structure of the bullying situations identification (BSI) instrument. Journal of School Violence, 4, 77-91.
16.
Chan, J.H., Myron, R., & Crawshaw, M. ( 2005). The efficacy of non-anonymous measures of bullying . School Psychology International, 26, 443-458.
17.
Christie-Mizell, C.A. ( 2003). Bullying: The consequences of interparental discord and child’s self-concept. Family Process, 42, 237-251.
18.
Coloroso, B. ( 2003). The bully, the bullied, and the bystander. New York: Harper-Resource.
19.
Curtner-Smith, M.E., Culp, A.M., Scheib, C., Owen, K., Tilley, A., Murphy, M., et al. (2006). Mothers’ parenting and young economically disadvantaged children’s relational and overt bullying. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 177-189.
20.
Dahlberg, L.L., Toal, S.B., & Behrens, C.B. ( 1998). Measuring violence-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among youths: A compendium of assessment tools. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
21.
Espelage, D.L., Holt, M.K., & Henkel, R.R. ( 2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 205-220.
22.
Espelage, D.L., & Swearer, S.M. ( 2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32, 365-383.
23.
Farrington, D.P. ( 1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-458.
24.
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. ( 2003). The role of mother involvement and father involvement in adolescent bullying behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 634-644.
25.
Gladstone, G.L., Parker, G.B., & Malhi, G.S. ( 2006). Do bullied children become anxious and depressed adults?: A cross-sectional investigation of the correlates of bullying and anxious depress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 201-208.
26.
Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. ( 1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributional analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 587-599.
27.
Harris, S., & Petrie, G.F. ( 2003). Bullying: The bullies, the victims, the bystanders . Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press .
28.
Haynie, D.L., Nansel, T., Eithel, P., Crump, A.D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., et al. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29-49.
29.
Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D.S. ( 1986). Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquency measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 2, 293-327.
30.
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M. ( 2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237.
31.
KDE (1999). A study on bullying and prevention policy. Seoul: Korean Institute for Youth Development.
32.
Kedi. (1998). A study on bullying among students (No. 98-19). Seoul: Author.
33.
Keith, S., & Martin, M.E. ( 2005). Cyber-bullying: Creating a culture of respect in a cyber world. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13, 224-228.
34.
Kim, H. ( 2001). Bullying and school-related variables. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 119-142.
35.
Kim, H., & Lee, H. ( 2000). A study on predictors of bullying victimization among students: Focus on comparison between elementary, middle, and high schools . Journal of Educational Psychology, 15, 183-210.
36.
Kim, W. ( 2004). Wangtta: definition, status, reasons. The Korean Journal of Counseling, 5, 451-472.
37.
Korean National Statistical Office. (2005). Youth Statistics. Seoul: Author .
38.
Kupersmidt, J.B., DeRosier, M.E., & Petterson, C.P. (1995). Similarity as the basis for children’s friendships: The roles of sociometric status, aggressive and withdrawn behavior, academic achievement and demographic characteristics . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12, 439-452.
39.
Leary, M.R., Kowalski, R.M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. ( 2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202-214.
40.
Lease, A.M., McFall, R.M., & Viken, R.J. ( 2003). Distance from peers in the group’s perceived organizational structure: Relation to individual characteristics. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 194-216.
41.
Lee, C. ( 2000). Analysis of differences in personality traits and sociometric status of bully/ victim. Chungbuk: KoreaNational University of Education.
42.
Lee, D. ( 2004). Relationship between bullying and youth culture and peer conformity. Seoul: Seokang University .
Lee, S., & Kim, M. ( 2000). A study of correlation between the alienating behaviors of the youth and domestic factors. Journal of Research , 27, 315-334.
45.
Liepe-Levinson, K., & Levinson, M.H. (2005). A general sematics approach to school-age bullying. et Cetera, 62, 4-16.
46.
Loeber, R., & Snyder, H.N. ( 1990). Rate of offending in juvenile careers: Findings of constancy and change in lambda. Criminology, 28, 97-109.
47.
Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W., & Farrington, D.P. (1991). Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 82, 36-82.
48.
Loeber, R., Wei, E., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Huizinga, D., & Thornberry, T.P. (1999). Behavioral antecedents to serious and violent offending: Joint analyses from the Denver Youth Survey, Pittsburgh Youth Study and the Rochester Youth Development Study. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention, 8, 245-263.
49.
Long, J.D., & Pellegrini, A.D. (2003). Studying change in dominance and bullying with linear mixed model. School Psychology Review , 32, 401-417.
50.
Masataka, N. ( 1998). Psychology of allowing bullying. Tokyo: Iwanami Shyoten.
51.
Moon, S. ( 2002). Problems and causes of youth bullying as sociopathological phenomenon. The Journal of Social Welfare, 11, 1-21.
52.
Morita, Y., & Kiyonaga, K. ( 1994). Bullying: The classroom crisis. Tokyo : Kaneko Shyobou.
53.
Mouttapa, M., Valente, T., Gallaher, P., Rohrbach, L.A., & Unger, J.B. ( 2004). Social network predictors of bullying and victimization . Adolescence, 39, 315-335.
54.
Naito, T. ( 1990). Moral education in Japanese public schools. Moral Education Forum, 15, 27-36.
55.
Naito, T., & Gielen, U.P. ( 2005). Bullying and Ijime in Japanese schools. In F. L. Denmark, H. H. Krauss, R. W. Wesner, E. Midlarsky, & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Violence in schools: Cross-national and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 169-190). New York: Springer.
56.
Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R.S., Ruan, W.J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. ( 2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.
57.
Natvig, G.K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrom, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 561-575.
58.
Olweus, D. ( 1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys . Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press .
59.
Olweus, D. ( 1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
60.
Olweus, D. ( 2003). A profile of bullying. Educational Leadership , 60(6), 12-17.
61.
Park, E. ( 2002). Bullying (Wangtta) study in elementary schools . Open Education Practice Study, 5, 145-166.
62.
Park, J. ( 2003). The causes and the settlements of teenagers mobbing . Social Science Research, 10, 355-369.
63.
Pellegrini, A.D., & Long, J.D. ( 2002). A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 259-280.
64.
Portes, A. ( 1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24.
65.
Poulin, F., Cillessen, A.H.N., Hubbard, J.A., Coie, J.D., Dodge, K.A., & Schwartz, D. ( 1997). Children’s friends and behavioral similarity in two social contexts. Social Development, 6, 224-236.
66.
Rigby, K. ( 2004). Addressing bullying in schools: Theoretical perspectives and their implications. School Psychology International, 25, 287-300.
67.
Rigby, K. ( 2005). Why do some children bully at school? The contributions of negative attitudes towards victims and the perceived expectations of friends, parents, and teachers. School Psychology International, 26, 147-161.
68.
Rivers, I., & Smith, P.K. ( 1994). Types of bullying behavior and their correlates . Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368.
69.
Rodkin, P.C., & Hodges, E.V.E. (2003). Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals . School Psychology Review, 32, 384-400.
70.
Salmivalli, C., Huttunen, A., & Lagerspetz, K.M. (1997). Peer networks and bullying in schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305-312.
71.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K.M., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the class. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
72.
Salmivalli, C., Lappalainen, M., & Lagerspetz, K.M.J. (1998). Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 205-218.
73.
Seals, D., & Young, J. ( 2003). Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence, 38, 735-747.
74.
Seo, J.-B., & Han, J.-I. (2004). A semantic analysis of bullying. The Journal of Educational Research, 2, 117-134.
75.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. ( 2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349-363.
76.
Shim, J. ( 2004). A study of pupils’ perception on Korean bullying (Wangtta). Seoul: Kyunghee University .
77.
Shin, Y. ( 2000). A comparison study in bullying of middle school students: Focus on social environment. Seoul: Chung-Ang University.
78.
Short, J.F., & Nye, F.I. ( 1957). Reported behavior as a criterion of deviant behavior . Social Problems, 5, 207-213.
79.
Smith, P.K., & Brain, P. ( 2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research . Aggressive Behavior, 26, 1-9.
80.
Smith, P.K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R.F., & Liefooghe, A.P.D. (2002). Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development, 73, 1119-1133.
81.
Spivak, H., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (2001). The need to address bullying-An important component of violence prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2131-2132.
82.
Stevens, V., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D., & Oost, P.V. ( 2002). Relationship of the family environment to children’s involvement in bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 419-428.
83.
Thornberry, T.P., & Krohn, M.D. ( 2000). The self-report method for measuring delinquency and crime. In D. Duffee (Ed.), Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (pp. 33-83). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Justice/ NCJRS.
84.
Timeline: US school shootings. (2007). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4371403.stm
85.
Twemlow, S.W., Fonagy, P., & Sacco, F.C. ( 2001). An innovative psychodynamically influenced approach to reduce school violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 377-379.
86.
Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. ( 2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 3-56.
87.
Wolke, D., Woods, S., Stanford, K., & Schulz, H. ( 2001). Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 673-696.
88.
Xie, H., Cairns, R.B., & Cairns, B.D. ( 1999). Social networks and configurations in inner-city schools: Aggression, popularity, and implications for students with EBD. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 7, 147-155.
89.
Yang, J. ( 2005). A study on causal factors of bullying among middle school students. The Journal of Korean Education, 32, 31-52.
