The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Life Satisfaction: The Chain Mediating Effect of Social Support and Psychological Resilience,With the Moderating Role of Gender
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2026
The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Life Satisfaction: The Chain Mediating Effect of Social Support and Psychological Resilience,With the Moderating Role of Gender
The study explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and life satisfaction, as well as the chain mediating effect of social support and psychological resilience, along with the moderating effect of gender. A total of 2,359 randomly selected adults were surveyed using the Revised Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Adverse childhood experiences negatively predict life satisfaction; social support and psychological resilience play separate mediating roles and chain mediating roles in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and life satisfaction; gender moderates the relationship between social support and psychological resilience. The results of this study contribute to understanding the mechanism by which adverse childhood experiences relate to the life satisfaction. This can be effectively improved by enhancing social support and psychological resilience, and considering gender differences.
AuerbachR. P.MortierP.BruffaertsR.AlonsoJ.BenjetC.CuijpersP.DemyttenaereK.EbertD. D.GreenJ. G.HaskingP.MurrayE.NockM. K.Pinder-AmakerS.SampsonN. A.SteinD. J.VilagutG.ZaslavskyA. M.KesslerR. C.; WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators (2018). WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362
3.
Azpiazu IzaguirreL.FernándezA. R.PalaciosE. G. (2021). Adolescent life satisfaction explained by social support, emotion regulation, and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 694183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694183
4.
BernardiL.HuininkJ.SetterstenR. A. (2019). The life course cube: A tool for studying lives. Advances in Life Course Research, 41, Article 100258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2018.11.004
5.
BlockJ.KremenA. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.349
6.
BonannoG. A.GaleaS.BucciarelliA.VlahovD. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.671
BoylanJ. M.TompkinsJ. L.KruegerP. M. (2022). Psychological well-being, education, and mortality. Health Psychology, 41(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001159
9.
CaiW. P.PanY.ZhangS. M.WeiC.DongW.DengG. H. (2017). Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers: Exploring multiple mediation model. Psychiatry Research, 256, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.018
10.
Campbell-SillsL.FordeD. R.SteinM. B. (2009). Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(12), 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.013
11.
Cantón-CortésD.CantónJ.CortésM. R. (2016). Emotional security in the family system and psychological distress in female survivors of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.005
12.
CaoF. L.LiJ.XinW.CaiN. (2024). Impact of social support on the resilience of youth: Mediating effects of coping styles. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1331813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331813
13.
ChenX.MaY.WuR.LiuX. (2021). Moderating roles of social support in the association between hope and life satisfaction among Ethnic Minority College Students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052298
14.
CicchettiD.RogoschF. A.TothS. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 623–649. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060329
15.
CohenJ. A.MannarinoA. P. (2017). Evidence based intervention: Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and families. In TetiD. M. (Ed.), Parenting and family processes in child maltreatment and intervention (pp. 91–105). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40920-7_6
CohnM. A.FredricksonB. L.BrownS. L.MikelsJ. A.ConwayA. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
18.
ConnorK. M.DavidsonJ. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
DanielsonR.SandersG. F. (2018). An effective measure of childhood adversity that is valid with older adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.028
21.
DencklaC. A.CicchettiD.KubzanskyL. D.SeedatS.TeicherM. H.WilliamsD. R.KoenenK. C. (2020). Psychological resilience: An update on definitions, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1822064. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1822064
22.
DienerE. (1996). Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: Lessons from subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 30(3), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1996.0027
23.
DienerE.EmmonsR. A.LarsenR. J.GriffinS. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
24.
DienerE.SuhE. M.LucasR. E.SmithH. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
25.
DökmenZ. Y. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar [Gender: Social psychological explanations]. Remzi Kitabevi.
26.
DubeS. R.AndaR. F.FelittiV. J.ChapmanD. P.WilliamsonD. F.GilesW. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span findings from the adverse childhood experiences study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(24), 3089–3096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
27.
EaglyA. H.WoodW.DiekmanA. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In EckesT.TrautnerH. M. (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123–174). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
28.
EspadaJ. P.GriffinK. W.PereiraJ. R.OrgilésM.García-FernándezJ. M. (2012). Component analysis of a school-based substance use prevention program in Spain: Contributions of problem solving and social skills training content. Prevention Science, 13(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0249-y
29.
FanS. M.ZhangJ.ZhangL. J. (2024). Life satisfaction trajectories during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood and the role of gender and achievement attribution: A longitudinal study of Chinese Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(5), 1244–1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01934-z
30.
FinkelhorD.ShattuckA.TurnerH.HambyS. (2015). A revised inventory of adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.011
31.
FritzJ.FriedE. I.GoodyerI. M.WilkinsonP. O.van HarmelenA. L. (2018). A network model of resilience factors for adolescents with and without exposure to childhood adversity. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 15774. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34130-2
32.
FuY. Y.ChenM. T. (2023). Long-term effects of childhood adversity on the subjective well-being of older adults in urban China: The mediating effect of elder abuse. Aging & Mental Health, 27(3), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2040427
33.
GarmezyN.MastenA. S.TellegenA. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129837
34.
GökA.KoğarE. Y. (2021). A meta-analysis study on gender differences in psychological resilience levels. Kibris Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.2.15
35.
GruhnM. A.CompasB. E. (2020). Effects of maltreatment on coping and emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 103, Article 104446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104446
36.
GuoX. M.HuangJ. W. (2022). Relation of childhood maltreatment and school bullying victim experience to social anxiety and life satisfaction in college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 36(9), 810–816.
37.
HairJ. F. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
38.
HammenC.HenryR.DaleyS. E. (2000). Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 782–787.
39.
HayesA. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
40.
HeidingerL. S.WillsonA. E. (2019). The childhood roots of adult psychological distress: Interdisciplinary perspectives toward a better understanding of exposure to cumulative childhood adversity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97, Article 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104136
41.
HeidingerL. S.WillsonA. E. (2021). The lasting imprint of childhood disadvantage: Cumulative histories of exposure to childhood adversity and trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 13(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1332/175795921x16223516066150
42.
HobfollS. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In FolkmanS. (Ed.), The oxford handbook of stress, health, coping (pp. 127–147). Oxford University Press.
43.
HouY.ZhangY.CaoX. C.LeiG. H.LiuG. H. (2023). The association between perceived social support and resilience among Chinese university students: A moderated mediation model. Psychology in the Schools, 61(4), 1474–1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23122
44.
JaniriD.De RossiP.KotzalidisG. D.GirardiP.KoukopoulosA. E.ReginaldiD.DottoF.ManfrediG.JollantF.GorwoodP.PompiliM.SaniG. (2018). Psychopathological characteristics and adverse childhood events are differentially associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal acts in mood disorders. European Psychiatry, 53, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.05.009
45.
KaneH. S.WileyJ. F.Dunkel SchetterC.RoblesT. F. (2019). The effects of interpersonal emotional expression, partner responsiveness, and emotional approach coping on stress responses. Emotion, 19(8), 1315–1328. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000487
46.
KaratekinC.AhluwaliaR. (2020). Effects of adverse childhood experiences, stress, and social support on the health of college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1–2), 150–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516681880
47.
KartolA.ÜztemurS.GriffithsM. D.ŞahinD. (2024). Exploring the interplay of emotional intelligence, psychological resilience, perceived stress, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study in the Turkish context. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 362. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01860-0
48.
KelifaM. O.YangY. M.CarlyH.BoW.WangP. G. (2021). How adverse childhood experiences relate to subjective wellbeing in college students: The role of resilience and depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(5), 2103–2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00308-7
49.
Kendall-TackettK. (2002). The health effects of childhood abuse: Four pathways by which abuse can influence health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6), 715–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00343-5
50.
KendlerK. S.MyersJ.PrescottC. A. (2005). Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: A longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.250
51.
KongF.GongX. Y.SajjadS.YangK. R.ZhaoJ. J. (2019). How is emotional intelligence linked to life satisfaction? The mediating role of social support, positive affect and negative affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8), 2733–2745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-00069-4
52.
KressV.NewgentR. A.WhitlockJ.MeaseL. (2015). Spirituality/religiosity, life satisfaction, and life meaning as protective factors for nonsuicidal self-injury in college students. Journal of College Counseling, 18, 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOCC.12012
53.
KumpferK. L. (2002). Factors and processes contributing to resilience. In GlantzM. D.JohnsonJ. L. (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179–224). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47167-1_9
54.
LaBrenzC. A.DellP. J.FongR.LiuV. (2019). Happily ever after? Life satisfaction after childhood exposure to violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13–14), NP6747–NP6766. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518820706
55.
LernerR. M.LernerJ.AlmerigiJ. o.TheokasC. (2006). Dynamics of individual-context relations in human development: A developmental systems perspective. Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology, 1, 23–43.
56.
LiM. Y.YangY. L.LiuL.WangL. (2016). Effects of social support, hope and resilience on quality of life among Chinese bladder cancer patients: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0481-z
57.
LiuZ. H. (2019). Bidirectional mediation effect between job-hunting stress and subjective well-being of college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(2), 378–382. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2019.02.034
58.
Martínez-MartíM. L.RuchW. (2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1163403
59.
MatudM. P.BethencourtJ. M.IbáñezI. (2015). Gender differences in psychological distress in Spain. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(6), 560–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014564801
60.
MatudM. P.LópezM.FortesD. (2019). Gender and psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article 3531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193531
61.
MelkmanE. P. (2017). Childhood adversity, social support networks and well-being among youth aging out of care: An exploratory study of mediation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.020
62.
MillerS. M.ChanF. (2008). Predictors of life satisfaction in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(12), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01106.x
63.
Mosley-JohnsonE.GaracciE.WagnerN.MendezC.WilliamsJ. S.EgedeL. E. (2019). Assessing the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social well-being: United States Longitudinal Cohort 1995–2014. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-2054-6
64.
NgZ. J.HuebnerS. E.HillsK. J. (2015). Life satisfaction and academic performance in early adolescents: Evidence for reciprocal association. Journal of School Psychology, 53(6), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.09.004
65.
OlssonC. A.BondL.BurnsJ. M.Vella-BrodrickD. A.SawyerS. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1971(02)00118-5
66.
OshioT.UmedaM.KawakamiN. (2013). Childhood adversity and adulthood subjective well-being: Evidence from Japan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 843–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9358-y
67.
OzturkE.MohlerJ. L. (2021). Childhood adversities and life satisfaction: The moderator role of perceived resilience in early adulthood. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 18(2), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2021.1918038
68.
PietrzakR. H.JohnsonD. C.GoldsteinM. B.MalleyJ. C.SouthwickS. M. (2009). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depress and Anxiety, 26(8), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20558
69.
PlaisierI.de BruijnJ. G.de GraafR.ten HaveM.BeekmanA. T.PenninxB. W. (2007). The contribution of working conditions and social support to the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders among male and female employees. Social Science & Medicine, 64(2), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.008
70.
PooleJ. C.DobsonK. S.PuschD. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012
71.
SarasonB. R.SarasonI. G. (1994). Assessment of social support. In ShumakerS. A.CzajkowskiS. M. (Eds.), Social support and cardiovascular disease (pp. 41–63). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2572-5_3
72.
SchwarzerR.Gutiérrez-DoñaB. (2005). More spousal support for men than for women: A comparison of sources and types of support. Sex Roles, 52, 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3718-6
73.
SheikhM. A.AbelsenB.OlsenJ. A. (2016). Clarifying associations between childhood adversity, social support, behavioral factors, and mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood: A population-based study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00727
74.
ShinD. C.JohnsonD. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5(1), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352944
75.
SmithK. E.PollakS. D. (2020). Early life stress and development: Potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 12(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-020-09337-y
76.
SteinM. B.Campbell-SillsL.GelernterJ. (2009). Genetic variation in 5HTTLPR is associated with emotional resilience. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 150b(7), 900–906. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30916
77.
SunW. M.ShenL. J. (2021). The relationship between employment pressure and occupational delay of gratification among college students: Positive psychological capital as a mediator. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2814–2819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00209-w
78.
TanakaM.AfifiT. O.WathenC. N.BoyleM. H.MacMillanH. L. (2015). Evaluation of sex differences in health-related quality of life outcomes associated with child abuse: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(4), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000274
79.
TanigawaD.FurlongM. J.FelixE. D.SharkeyJ. D. (2011). The protective role of perceived social support against the manifestation of depressive symptoms in peer victims. Journal of School Violence, 10(4), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.602614
80.
TaylorZ. E.DoaneL. D.EisenbergN. (2014). Transitioning from high school to college: Relations of social support, ego-resiliency, and maladjustment during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 2(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813506885
81.
TugadeM. M.FredricksonB. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
82.
TurnerR. J.ThomasC. S.BrownT. H. (2016). Childhood adversity and adult health: Evaluating intervening mechanisms. Social Science & Medicine, 156, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.026
ValoisR. F.PaxtonR. J.ZulligK. J.HuebnerE. S. (2006). Life satisfaction and violent behaviors among middle school students. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(6), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9043-z
85.
ValoisR. F.ZulligK. J.HuebnerE. S.DraneJ. W. (2004). Life satisfaction and suicide among high school adolescents. In DannerbeckA.CasasF.SadurniM.CoendersG. (Eds.), Quality of life research on children and adolescents (pp. 81–105). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2312-5_5
86.
WangL.ShiZ.ZhangY.ZhangZ. (2010). Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in Chinese earthquake victims. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64(5), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02130.x
87.
WangR. A. H.DavisO. S. P.WoottonR. E.MottershawA.HaworthC. M. A. (2017). Social support and mental health in late adolescence are correlated for genetic, as well as environmental, reasons. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 13088. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13449-2
88.
WangY. Z.LinP. Z.CaoF. L. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Revised Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 32(9), 760–764.
89.
WangZ.GuanJ. (2024). Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed? Evidence from contents, methods, and consequencesAdvances in Psychological Science, 32(6), 939–950.
90.
WuM.YangY.ZhangD.ZhaoX.SunY.XieH.JiaJ.SuY.LiY. (2018). Association between social support and health-related quality of life among Chinese rural elders in nursing homes: The mediating role of resilience. Quality of Life Research, 27(3), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1730-2
91.
XieJ. S.LiJ.YiC. E.DengD. L. (2014). Life events and life satisfaction: Mediating effect of resilience in junior high school students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 676–679. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2014.04.024
92.
YeZ. J.QiuH. Z.LiP. F.LiangM. Z.ZhuY. F.ZengZ.HuG. Y.WangS. N.QuanX. M. (2017). Predicting changes in quality of life and emotional distress in Chinese patients with lung, gastric, and colon-rectal cancer diagnoses: The role of psychological resilience. Psychooncology, 26(6), 829–835. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4237
93.
YıldırımM.GreenZ. A. (2024). Social support and resilience mediate the relationship of stress with satisfaction with life and flourishing of youth. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 52(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2023.2172551
94.
YıldırımM.TuranM. E.AlbeladiN.CrescenzoP.RizzoA.NuceraG.FerrariG.NavolokinaA.SzarpakŁ.ChiricoF. (2023). Resilience and perceived social support as predictors of emotional well-being. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 8, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.19204/2023/rsln5
95.
YinH.QiuX.ZhuY.YangQ. (2023). Adverse childhood experiences affect the health of middle-aged and older people in China: The multiple mediating roles of sleep duration and life satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1092971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1092971
96.
ZhangP.YangF.HuangN.YanW.ZhangB.ZhangC.PengK.GuoJ. (2023). Assessment of factors associated with mental well-being among Chinese youths at individual, school, and province levels. JAMA Network Open, 6(7), e2324025. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24025
97.
ZhaoX. S.LynchJ. G. J.ChenQ. M. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
98.
ZhenR.ZhouX. (2023). School bullying victimization and posttraumatic stress symptoms among adolescents: The roles of beliefs in just world and social support. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 148–152+193. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2023.01.027
99.
ZhouH.LongL. R. (2004). Statistical remedies for common method biases. Advances in Psychological Science, 12(6), 942–950.
100.
ZhuX. Q.ShekD. T. L. (2021). Problem behavior and life satisfaction in early adolescence: Longitudinal findings in a Chinese context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(7), 2889–2914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00346-1
101.
ZimetG. D.DahlemN. W.ZimetS. G.FarleyG. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
